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中文字幕由yinux翻译整理，2004年3月
注：译者并未赞同影片的所有观点

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I was at the Agenda 2000
那是在2000年例会（Agenda 2000）期间

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and uh, one of the people who was there
was Craig Mundie,
参加的人里面有个叫Craig Mundie的家伙

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who is some kind of
high mucky muck at Microsoft,
是Microsoft公司的一个大头头

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I think uh, vice-president of consumer products
or something like that.
我觉得，嗯，是管客户产品的副总裁吧，或是
和那差不多的大头。 

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And uh, I hadn't actually met him
实际上，我并未和他正式会面

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I, I, I, uh, bumped in to him in an,
in an elevator... in an elevator
我...我只是碰巧在电梯里撞见他的

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And uh, I looked at his badge and said,
"Oh, I see you work for Microsoft."
我看了看他的徽章说：
“哦，你替Microsoft工作的吧。”

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And he looked back to me and said,
"Oh, yeah and what do you do?"
他回头看了我，说：“哦，是的。你呢？”

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And I thought he seemed just a sort of a tad dismissive
我想他对我不屑一顾

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I mean,  here's the archetypal, you know,
guy in a suit
我的意思是，他是那种典型的，西装革履的家伙 

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looking at a scruffy hacker
瞧着一个衣衫不整的黑客

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And so I gave him the thousand
yard stare and said,
我狠狠的瞪了他一眼，说：

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"I'm your worst nightmare."
“我是你最可怕的噩梦。”

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Wonderview Productions PRESENTS
Wonderview Productions 出品

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A J.T.S. Moore FILM

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REVOLUTION OS
操作系统革命

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For most its short, but colorful history,
在它短暂而丰富多彩的历史里，

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the computer industry has been dominated
计算机工业一直被

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by the Windows operating system.
Windows操作系统控制着

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But that could soon change,
但是，这种情况或许马上将不复存在了 

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as Windows faces a strong challenge from Linux
因为Windows正面临来自Linux强大的挑战 

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Silicon Valley has long been the place
一直以来，硅谷是一个

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to develop new technology,
不断创造新技术的地方，

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start new companies and get really rich.
不断有新公司成立，并创造着财富。

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Now The Valley is the front line in a revolution
现在，硅谷又站在了一场革命的前沿

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fighting for that most
politically incorrect of ideas:
为了一个“政治上不正确”的观念而斗争，

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individual freedom
那就是：个体的自由

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Day and night, a loose confederation of
夜以继日的，

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hackers and programmers zaps bits pieces of
一个由散布在世界各地的黑客和程序员组成的松散组织

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computer code around the world as it builds the tools
不停地编写计算机程序代码

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to set computer users free
以建立能使计算机用户获得自由的工具

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using open information and
the free exchange of technology
他们通过公开和自由交流技术

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to achieve its goals.
来实现这一目标。

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This revolution began in the 1980's with
这场革命始于20世纪80年代

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the Free Software Movement and GNU project.
的自由软件运动和GNU计划。

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And now is most commonly associated
而今通常与

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with Linux and the Open Source Movement.
Linux和开源运动（Open Source）联系在一起。

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What is Linux?
Linux是什么？

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We do have one sector that taking off today.
我们今天的一个重要话题，

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It is the Linux-related sector.
就是Linux相关的问题。

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And I thought this might be
a good opportunity to say,
我想这也许是一个回答：

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"What is Linux?"
“Linux是什么？”的好机会。

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And I'll answer this question for you.
我接下来就回答这个问题

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Many of you probably already know,
或许你们中的很多人已经知道答案了，

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but
There are 12 million users out there
你看，它拥有1200万的用户

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A computer Operating System
developed by hundreds of
它是由成百上千个

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programmers collaborating on the Internet
程序员通过Internet协作开发的计算机操作系统

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A challenge to Microsoft Windows NT
它是对Microsoft Windows NT系统的挑战

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Very popular for its speed
它由于运行效率高而广受欢迎

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and so this's what the craze is about
这正是它受到追捧的焦点

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To kind of explain what Linux is you have to
要解释Linux是什么，

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explain what an Operating System is
先得了解操作系统的概念

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And... the thing about Operating System is
you, I mean...
...操作系统就是，我想就是...

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you're never ever supposed to see it.
你永远不需要面对它

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Because...
因为...

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nobody really uses an Operating System,
没有人直接去使用一个操作系统，

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people use... programs... on their computer
人们使用...程序...在他们的计算机上

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And the only mission in life
而操作系统的唯一使命

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of an operating system is to help
those programs run.
是去帮助那些程序运行起来。

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So an operating system never does
anything on its own
所以一个操作系统永远不会单独完成什么任务

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It's only waiting for the programs to
他只是等待其他程序去

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ask for certain resources
请求某些资源

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or ask for some files on the disks
or ask for the programs to
请求磁盘文件，或协助程序

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connect them to the outside world.
与外部世界取得联系。

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And then the operating system
comes, steps in and then
操作系统就这样一步步的发展起来了

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tries to make it easy for people
to write programs
它大大降低了程序编制工作的难度

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And, What is Open Source?
那么，什么是“开放源码(Open Source)”呢？

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Open Source is a way for people to collaborate
“开放源码”是人们协作开发软件的一种方式，

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on software without being encumbered
by all of the problems of intellectual property,
它能使人们免遭知识产权保护的阻碍

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having to negotiate contracts every time
you buy a piece of software,
你不需要在每次购买软件时去商议合同问题

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have a lot of lawyers involved.
不需要费神整天找律师。

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In general, we just wanna get software to work
我们的目的很简单，就是让软件能工作起来，

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and we want be able to have
同时我们希望

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people contribute fixes to that, etc..
人人都能为软件的修改完善出份力，等等...

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So we sort of sacrifice some of
为此，我们从某种程度上说，自愿牺牲了一些

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the intellectual property rights
知识产权上的权力

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and just let the whole world
use the software
这样，全世界都能使用这些软件

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Before there could be Linux
在Linux出现之前

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There was Richard Stallman
and the Free Software Movement.
就已经有了Richard Stallman和他倡导的自由软件运动

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They think of Richard Stallman as the...
人们把Richard Stallman看作...

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great philosopher, right.
伟大的哲学家，的确如此。

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And think of me as the engineer
而把我看作一个实践者

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Richard Stallman is the founding father of
the Free Software Movement.
Richard Stallman是自由软件运动的创始人

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Through his efforts to build the
GNU Operating System.
通过在构架GNU操作系统过程中的努力

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He created the legal, philosophical and
technological foundation
他为自由软件运动在法律上、哲学上以及技术上

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for the Free Software Movement.
打下了基础

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Without these contributions,
没有他的这些贡献

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it's unlikely that Linux and Open Source
就不太可能让Linux和“开放源码”

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would have evolved in to their current forms today
发展到今天这样的规模。

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I joined the
MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971,
我于1971进入麻省理工学院人工智能实验室，

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I joined... a thriving community of hackers,
我加入了...一个活跃的黑客团体

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people who loved programming,
一个热衷编写程序者的团体，

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loved exploring the what they could do
with computers.
他们热衷于探索如何利用计算机来工作

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And they had developed
a complete Operating System,
而且他们已经开发出了一个完整的操作系统

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entirely written there.
开发工作完全是在社团中完成的。

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And I became one of the team, that
我成为了这个团队中的一员，

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continued to improve the Operating System,
adding new capabilities
继续完善这个操作系统，加入新的功能

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That was my job, and I loved it, we all loved it.
That's why we were doing it.
那就是我所做的工作，我热爱它，我们都热爱它。
这就是我们工作的动力。

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And [clears throat] we called our system
[清嗓子]我们把我们的系统称为

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"the Incompatible Time Sharing System"
“不相容分时系统（Incompatible Time Sharing System）”

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which is the example of the
这个名字反映了黑客们的嬉皮风格。

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playful spirit
而嬉皮风格

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which defines a hacker.
是黑客的标准之一。

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Hackers are people who enjoy
playful cleverness.
黑客是一群顽皮的聪明人

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Well, it first started going wrong
嗯，我们的工作一开始误入了歧途

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as the outside world started pressuring us
to have passwords.
外界给我们施压，让我们加入口令系统

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We didn't have any passwords
on our computer.
我们从不给电脑设置密码

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And the reason was that the hackers
原因是

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who'd originally designed the system
最初设计这个系统的黑客们

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realized that passwords were a way
the administrators could control all the users.
意识到口令系统给了管理员控制所有用户的手段

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And they didn't want to build tools
他们不想开发这样的工具

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you know, locks and keys for
the administrators to control them,
你知道，就象锁和钥匙，让管理员来控制

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so they just didn't do it.
They left that out
所以他们不干这样的事，他们把那部分省略了

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And we had the philosophy
that whoever sitting at the computer
我们的理念是，无论谁坐在电脑前面

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should be able to do whatever he wants
都应该有权做他想做的事

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and somebody else who was there yesterday
shouldn't be controlling what you do today
在你之前操作电脑的人
也不应该控制你能在电脑上做什么

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When they put passwords onto one of
the machines at MIT
当他们在MIT的某台机器上建立口令时

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I and bunch of other hackers didn't like it,
我和其他一群黑客不喜欢这样

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I decided to try a subversive sort of hack.[clears throat]
所以我决定试着去黑它一下[清嗓子]

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I figured out how to decode the passwords,
我破解了口令的解密算法

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so by looking the database of encoded passwords
这样，通过读取存放加密口令的数据库

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I could figure out what each person
would actually type to login
我就能解算出每个人登陆时的输入信息（密码）

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And so I sent messages to people, saying,
然后我发消息给他们，说

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"Hello? I see that you've
chosen the password mumble,
“你好？我知道你的口令是mumble，

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whatever it was.
How about if you do as I do
或者是其他什么。你不如象我一样

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just type Enter for your password
仅仅用回车做你的密码

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it's much shorter, much easier to type".
这短多了，输入更方便。”

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And... of course with this message I was
嗯...当然，通过发送这样一个消息

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implicitly telling them
the security was really just a joke.
我含蓄的告诉他们，所谓安全只是一个笑话。

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Anyway, but in addition
I was letting them in on this hack.
不管怎样，通过这个黑客行动我使他们听从了我的建议。

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And eventually, A fifth of all
users on that computer joined me
最后，那台机器的使用者中有五分之一的人象我一样

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in using just Enter as their passwords.
只用回车作为他们的口令。

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[ Where did the ideas that lead to what is now
called Open Source world?
[现在称之为开源世界的想法最初是怎么来的？


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How did that begin? Who began that? ]
它是如何形成的？是谁提出的？]

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It actually began with the start
of computers because at that time
确切的说，这想法是和计算机同时诞生的

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software was just passed around between people
因为在那时软件是在人们之间相互分发的

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And I think it was only like in the
lates 70's or early 80's
我想是到了70年代末80年代初的时候

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That people started really closing up
their software,
人们才真正开始封闭他们的软件

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And saying, "No, you can never
get a look at the source code.
然后说，“不，这源代码你看一眼都不可以。

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You can't change the software
even if it's necessary
你不可以修改这个软件，

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for you to fix it, for your own application"
即使出于完善它的目的，或是为了你自己的应用需要。”

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And... um, you can actually blame
some of that on Microsoft,
...嗯，你其实可以把这一切怪罪于Microsoft，

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They are one of the real pioneers
of the proprietary software model.
他们是倡导软件版权的先锋之一。

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In the mid 1970's, a group of hackers
在20世纪70年代中叶，一帮黑客

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and computer hobbyist in Silicon Valley
formed the "Homebrew Computer Club".
和计算机爱好者在硅谷成立了“家酿计算机俱乐部”

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In the club January 31, 1976 newsletter,
在该俱乐部1976年1月31日的时事通讯里显示，

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Bill Gates of the recently formed Microsoft,
来自刚成立的Microsoft公司的Bill Gates

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wrote an open letter to the community
给社区写了一封公开信

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where he made a point by point argument for
the relatively new concept of proprietary software
他逐点阐述了软件产权相关的新观念

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up to that point, the practice of computer users
had been to freely pass around software
直到那时，计算机用户仍然保持着自由分发传递软件的习惯

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with not much thought given to
its ownership
而不怎么考虑软件的所有权

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Known as An Open Letter to Hobbyists,
Bill Gates writes,
作为一封给计算机迷的公开信，Bill Gates这样写到，

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"To me the most critical thing
in the hobby market right now
“我认为在爱好者中当前最严峻的问题是

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is the lack of good software courses,
books and software itself.
缺少好的软件教程，好书和好的软件。

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Without good software and an owner
who understands programming,
不懂编程的计算机用户如果没有好的软件，

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00:08:03,300 --> 00:08:05,300
A hobby computer is wasted.
他的计算机就是一种浪费。

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00:08:05,300 --> 00:08:08,000
Will quality software be written
for the hobby market?"
业余爱好者能写出高质量的软件吗？”

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00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:10,900
Gates goes on to write,
"The feedback we have gotten from
Gates继续写道，“我们从

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the hundreds of people who say they are
using BASIC has all been positive.
成千上万BASIC用户的反馈证明了这一点。

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00:08:14,300 --> 00:08:16,500
Two surprising things are apparent, however.
然而，两件令人惊讶的事情却是显而易见的。

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00:08:16,500 --> 00:08:19,500
1) Most of these "users" never
bought BASIC, and
1）这些“用户”多数从没有购买过BASIC，

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2) The amount of royalties we have received
from sales to hobbyists
2）我们通过向爱好者销售软件得到的版税收入

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00:08:22,500 --> 00:08:26,500
makes the time spent on of Altair BASIC
worth less than 2 dollars an hour
相当于在开发BASIC软件上耗费的工时只值不足2美元一小时

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Why is this?
为什么会这样？

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00:08:27,700 --> 00:08:30,200
As the majority of hobbyists must be aware,
大多数的爱好者应该心中有数，

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00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:32,300
most of you steal your software.
你们中的大多数人盗用了别人的软件。

168
00:08:32,300 --> 00:08:35,200
Hardware must be paid for but software
is something to share.
硬件必须付钱但是软件却可以共享。

169
00:08:35,200 --> 00:08:37,500
Who cares if the people who worked
on it get paid?
谁关心那些为此工作的人有没有应得的报酬？

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00:08:37,500 --> 00:08:38,900
Is this fair?
这公平吗？

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00:08:38,900 --> 00:08:41,000
One thing you don't do by stealing software
而且，你们盗用软件后即使遇到了问题

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is get back at MITS for some problem
you may have had
也不会向MITS反馈。你们不仅让

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00:08:43,500 --> 00:08:45,600
MITS doesn't make money selling software.
MITS靠卖软件赚不到任何钱，

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00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:48,600
One thing you do do is prevent
good software from being written.
你们的所做所为还阻碍了好软件的问世。

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00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:51,300
Who can afford to do professional work for nothing?
谁能把没有收入的工作做为自己的职业？

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00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:54,300
What hobbyist can put 3-man years into programming,
什么样的业余爱好者能为编程投入3人年的力量，

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finding all bugs, documenting his product
and distribute it for free?
去找出软件中所有缺陷，为产品写文档并把它免费发放出去？

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00:08:57,900 --> 00:08:58,800
The fact is,
事实是，

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no one besides us has invested a lot of money
in hobby software.
只有我们在业余软件上投资了一大笔钱。

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00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:05,000
What about the guys who resell Altair BASIC?
那些转卖Altair BASIC的人呢？

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Aren't they making money on hobby software?
他们难道不是在靠业余软件来挣钱吗？

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Yes, but those who have been
reported to us may lose in the end.
是的，然而那些我们所知的转卖者最终会受到谴责。

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00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:12,900
They are the ones who give
hobbyists a bad name,
他们就是败坏业余爱好者名声的人，

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and should be kicked out of any
club meeting they show up at.
他们该被逐出所有的俱乐部活动。

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00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:19,200
I would appreciate letters from
anyone who wants to pay up,
欢迎任何要购买软件的人，或是

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00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:21,000
or has a suggestion or comment.
有任何建议或意见的人给我来信。

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00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:25,000
Signed Bill Gates, General partner, Micro-Soft.
署名为Bill Gates，Micro-Soft合伙人。

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00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:29,100
In the late 70's and early 1980's,
Richard Stallman was
在70年代未80年代初，Richard Stallman

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00:09:29,100 --> 00:09:32,400
doing Artificial Intelligence research and coding
一直在MIT的人工智能实验室

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00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:35,000
at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab.
做人工智能方面的研究以及编写代码。

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00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:37,300
Richard had a number of negative experiences
在那段时间里，Richard 所经历的一些事

192
00:09:37,300 --> 00:09:39,300
during that period which soured him
使得他对商业软件的整个观念

193
00:09:39,300 --> 00:09:41,400
on the whole idea of commercial software.
感到不快。

194
00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:43,000
[ such as? ]
[比如说？]

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00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:47,000
uh... some company wanted to work on and
wanted to fix was locked up.
嗯...一些公司继续开发完善软件的愿望被限制了。

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00:09:47,700 --> 00:09:51,700
and he couldn't get the company on the code to let him fix it
他无法从软件公司得到源代码以便做些修改

197
00:09:52,400 --> 00:09:54,500
even though it would have been to their advantage to do so.
哪怕这些修改对软件公司有利都不行。

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00:09:54,500 --> 00:09:57,400
And that put me into a moral dilemma, you see?
那把我推到了一个道德上的两难境地，你明白吗？

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00:09:57,500 --> 00:10:03,100
Because to get one of the modern computers
of the day, which was the early 80's,
因为在80年代早期要使用一台当时主流的电脑

200
00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:06,400
you would have to get a proprietory
operating system.
你必须得到一个授权的操作系统。

201
00:10:06,500 --> 00:10:09,400
The developers of those systems
didn't share with other people,
那些系统的开发者并不与他人共享他们的系统，

202
00:10:09,500 --> 00:10:11,500
Instead they tried to control the users,
相反，他们试图控制用户，

203
00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:13,400
dominate the users, restrict them.
支配他们，限制他们。

204
00:10:13,900 --> 00:10:16,000
Say, if to get the system,
因此，如果用这样的系统，

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00:10:16,100 --> 00:10:19,500
you have to sign a  promise you won't
share with anybody else.
你必须签署协议保证不给其他人共享。

206
00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:23,400
And to me that was essentially a promise
to be a bad person,
对我来说，这个协议本质上就是要我去做坏蛋，

207
00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:25,100
to betray the rest of the world,
去背叛世界上的其他人，

208
00:10:25,200 --> 00:10:29,100
cut myself off from society
from a cooperating community.
把我从社会，从一个合作的团体中割裂出来。

209
00:10:30,300 --> 00:10:34,300
And I had already experienced what happened
when other people did that to us,
并且我已亲身体验了被人以此相待的感受，

210
00:10:34,300 --> 00:10:35,800
when they refused to share with us.
他们拒绝和我们共享系统。

211
00:10:35,900 --> 00:10:38,500
because they had signed these contracts.
只因为他们签署了这样的协议。

212
00:10:38,600 --> 00:10:40,400
And it hurt the whole lab,
这损害了整个实验室的利益，

213
00:10:40,500 --> 00:10:43,200
it kept us from doing useful things before.
它在阻挠我们做某些有益的工作。

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00:10:43,300 --> 00:10:45,600
So I just wasn't going to do that.
所以我不准备那么干。

215
00:10:45,700 --> 00:10:49,700
I thought,"This is wrong!
I am not going to live this way"
我想“这是错误的！我不要这么生活”

216
00:10:49,900 --> 00:10:53,900
And from experiences like this
he developed a profound hostility
有了多次类似经历之后，他对

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00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:56,600
to the idea of
intellectual property and software.
软件知识产权的观念产生了强烈的反感。

218
00:10:56,700 --> 00:11:00,300
He eventually acted this out
by founding the Free Software Foundation.
最终他行动起来，创建了自由软件基金会。

219
00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:04,900
So, I looked for another alternative
and I realized:
于是，我开始寻找替代品，后来我意识到：

220
00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:06,500
I was an operating system developer.
我是一个操作系统开发者。

221
00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:10,300
If I were to develop another operating system.
如果由我来开发新的操作系统，

222
00:11:10,500 --> 00:11:14,100
And then as the author,
encourage everyone to share it.
然后以作者的身份，鼓励其他人共享它。

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00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:17,900
Say, everyone, " You come and get it,
use this, form a new community"
对所有人说：“都来吧，用这个，形成一个新的团体”

224
00:11:18,900 --> 00:11:23,200
Not only could I gave myself a way
to keep using computers without
这样做，不单单我自己可以继续使用电脑而无需

225
00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:26,500
betraying other people,
but I'd give it to everybody else, too.
背叛他人，其他人也都能如此。

226
00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:29,500
Everybody would have a
way out of that moral dilemma
所有人都将走出道德困境

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00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:34,300
And so I realized this was
what I had to do with my life.
然后我意识到这正是我毕生要从事的事业。

228
00:11:34,700 --> 00:11:38,700
I actually began the project in January of 1984.
这个项目实际上开始于1984年1月。

229
00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:41,500
That's when I resigned for my job at MIT
我辞掉了在MIT的工作

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00:11:41,600 --> 00:11:45,400
to start developing the GNU operating system.
着手开发GNU操作系统。

231
00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:49,700
Now I should explain the name GNU is a hack.
这里我必须提醒GNU这个一词是一种hack说法。

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00:11:49,900 --> 00:11:52,700
Because it's a recursive acronym.
因为他是首字递归的。

233
00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:56,100
It stands for "GNU's Not Unix".
它来源于“GNU's Not Unix”

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00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:59,300
You see so the "G" in "GNU" stands for "GNU".
你瞧，“GNU”里的字母“G”代表的是“GNU”

235
00:11:59,300 --> 00:12:01,400
And what the name means is
而这个名字意味着

236
00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:05,900
I was developing a system that was like
the Unix operating system,
我在开发的系统很像Unix

237
00:12:05,900 --> 00:12:08,300
but was not the Unix operating system.
但又不是Unix

238
00:12:08,300 --> 00:12:09,800
It was a different system.
而是一个完全不同的系统。

239
00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:12,200
We would have to write it completely
from scratch
我们不得不从零开始重写这个系统

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00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:14,100
because Unix was proprietory.
因为Unix是受版权保护的

241
00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:16,000
We were forbidden to share Unix,
我们无法共享Unix的代码。

242
00:12:16,100 --> 00:12:19,700
We couldn't use Unix.
It was useless for a community.
我们无法使用Unix，它对这个社区来说没有价值。

243
00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:23,300
So we had to write a replacement for it.
所以我们只能写一个替代品。

244
00:12:24,900 --> 00:12:26,100
Throughout the 1980s,
整个80年代，

245
00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:28,700
as Richard Stallman was building the GNU project,
当Richard Stallman致力于GNU计划时，

246
00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:32,300
computer scientists from
the University of California at Berkeley
加州大学伯克利分校的计算机科学家们

247
00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,700
were developing their own free
operating system.
也在开发他们自己的自由操作系统

248
00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:37,500
Known as Berkeley Unix, or BSD,
也就是大家所知道的Berkeley Unix,或者叫BSD，

249
00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:41,500
it was based upon the Unix kernel
which had been licensed from AT&T.
它基于从AT&T获得授权的Unix内核。

250
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:46,300
However, due to legal problems with AT&T
and fragmentation of the source code,
然而，由于与AT&T间的法律问题和不完整的源代码，

251
00:12:46,500 --> 00:12:50,100
hackers and other non-institutional users
were slow to adopt it
黑客们以及其他非机构用户比较难以接受。

252
00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:54,300
Well, Unix consisted of a large number of
separate programs
嗯，Unix由大量相互沟通

253
00:12:54,700 --> 00:12:56,400
that communicated with each other.
的独立程序组成。

254
00:12:56,500 --> 00:12:59,400
So we just had to replace these programs
one by one.
所以我们只需要把这些程序一个个替换掉。

255
00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:03,200
So what I started doing was
writing a replacement for one program,
所以我开始干的事情就是为某个程序写替代品。

256
00:13:03,300 --> 00:13:05,100
and then another, and then another,
然后另一个，再下一个

257
00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:06,900
and then people started joining me,
人们逐渐加入到我的工作中来，

258
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:10,600
because I published an announcement
inviting other people to join me
因为我发表声明公开邀请其他人加入

259
00:13:10,700 --> 00:13:12,300
to help write these programs.
来和我一起写这些程序。

260
00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:20,000
And uh... and by around 1991,
we had replaced practically all of them.
然后，嗯...大概到1991年的时候，
我们基本上把所有的程序都替换掉了。

261
00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:21,800
[ What were some of the programs that you ... ]
[那些程序，你们...]

262
00:13:21,900 --> 00:13:25,000
Well... we had to... to have a complete system,
嗯...我们必须...拥有一个完整的系统，

263
00:13:25,100 --> 00:13:28,700
you need to have a kernel, which is the program that
你得有一个内核，这个程序

264
00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:31,600
allocates resources to all the other programs,
为其他程序分配资源，

265
00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:35,100
you need a compiler, which translates a program
你得有一个编译器，来把程序

266
00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:40,500
from readable source code that
programmers can understand into numbers,
从程序员可读的源代码转换成机器码，

267
00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:44,900
mysterious numbers
that the computer can actually run.
真正能在计算机上运行的让人费解的数字。

268
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,500
you need other programs
that go with the compiler to help do this job.
你还需要其他程序，来协助编译器完成这个工作。

269
00:13:47,500 --> 00:13:48,600
you need a debugger.
你得有一个调试器。

270
00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:50,300
you need a text editor.
你得有一个文本编辑器。

271
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:51,500
you need text formatters.
你得有排版工具。

272
00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:53,400
you need mailers...
你得有邮件程序...

273
00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:54,800
you need lots and lots of things.
你需要很多很多东西。

274
00:13:54,900 --> 00:13:58,500
There are hundreds of programs
in the Unix-like operating system.
在类Unix系统中有成百上千个这样的程序。

275
00:13:58,900 --> 00:14:00,500
I saw Stallman's announcement.
我看到了Stallman的声明。

276
00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:03,900
Actually I met him in February of 1987.
事实上我在1987年2月见过他。

277
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:08,500
He came to give a five-day tutorial
on Emacs at our company.
他来我们公司进行Emacs的5日教程的讲座。

278
00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:11,200
And during the day he would explain
白天，他给我们介绍

279
00:14:11,300 --> 00:14:13,400
new ways to think about Emacs
使用Emacs的一些新思路

280
00:14:13,500 --> 00:14:16,500
and ways to extend it, enhance it,
and to use the Emacs source code
如何扩展，增强它功能，如何利用Emacs的源代码

281
00:14:17,100 --> 00:14:18,400
uh, for better or worse.
嗯，不管是好是坏。

282
00:14:18,500 --> 00:14:21,700
But in the evening,
he was busily working on this compiler,
但是到了晚上，他都在为这个编译器而忙碌，

283
00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:24,100
and he had not yet released it to the public,
那时他还没有公开发布这个编译器。

284
00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:27,800
so he was uh, being a little bit uh,
careful about
所以他有点，嗯，稍微有点，嗯，警惕，

285
00:14:27,900 --> 00:14:30,300
who, who got to see the source code.
对那些，那些想看看源代码的人。

286
00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:33,800
But I was very eager,
and when he first announced it in June,
但是我非常感兴趣，
并且当他在6月首次公布的时候，

287
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:35,500
I downloaded it immediately.
我立即下载了。

288
00:14:35,700 --> 00:14:37,100
I, I played with it.
我，我研究了一段时间。

289
00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:39,400
I got some, some pointers from him.
我从他那里得到了一些，嗯，一些指点。

290
00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:41,200
And when I sent the source code back to him,
当我把源代码发还给他时，

291
00:14:41,300 --> 00:14:42,500
he was very,
他非常的，

292
00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:47,300
uh, actually amazed that how quickly
I was able to ramp up on his technology.
嗯，事实上是惊讶于我能如此迅速的就
了解了他的技术。

293
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:48,300
Whenever we worked on something
当时我们工作于

294
00:14:48,300 --> 00:14:52,300
at Stanford or in the university,
斯坦福或其他大学，

295
00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:54,200
we would get, mostly at the time
我们绝大多数时间


296
00:14:54,300 --> 00:14:58,200
we were working off machines
from Digital Equipment or Sun, mostly Sun.
是在数字设备公司或Sun，主要是Sun的机器上工作。

297
00:14:58,400 --> 00:14:59,900
Whenever we would get a Sun machine,
我们一拿到Sun的机器，

298
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:04,500
the first thing we would do is
we would spend literally days
要做的第一件事情就是，花几天时间

299
00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:08,600
downloading GNU free software from the Internet,
从Internet下载GNU的自由软件。

300
00:15:08,700 --> 00:15:11,100
building it and installing it on that Sun machine.
在Sun的机器上编译并安装。

301
00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:14,800
The crucial thing about GNU is that
it's free software.
GNU最关键的一点在于，他是自由软件。

302
00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:18,700
And Free Software refers not to price,
but to freedom.
这里的“Free”指的不是免费，而是自由。

303
00:15:18,900 --> 00:15:21,200
So think of free speech, not free beer.
所以把它理解成言论自由的自由，而不是免费啤酒。

304
00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:24,500
The freedoms that I am talking about
我现在所说的自由，

305
00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:27,500
are the freedoms to make changes if you want to,
是根据你的意愿进行修改的自由，

306
00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:30,300
or hire somebody else to make changes for you
如果你把它用于商业用途

307
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:32,500
if you're using a software for your business,
也可以雇人来帮你修改

308
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:36,300
to redistribute copies,
to share with other people,
复制分发，和其他人共享，

309
00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:39,500
and to make improvements and publish them
对它进行改进并予公开

310
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:42,500
so that other people can
get the benefit of them, too.
这样其他人也能从中受益。

311
00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:46,400
And those are the freedoms that distinguish
free software from non-free software.
这就是自由软件与非自由软件的区别。

312
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:50,500
These are the freedoms that
enable people to form a community.
这些自由使得它的用户能形成一个团体。

313
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:52,100
If you don't have all these freedoms,
如果没有这些自由，

314
00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:54,900
you're being divided and
dominated by somebody.
你将是孤立的，并且受制于某个人。

315
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:59,000
My first experience contributing to free software
我第一次做自由软件开发是在

316
00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:03,000
came in late 1989, early 1990.
1989年尾到1990年头的时候。

317
00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:06,200
I was working as a graduate student
at Stanford University
我还作为一个研究生工作于斯坦福大学

318
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:08,600
on Computer Aided Design tools.
研究方向是计算机辅助设计。

319
00:16:08,700 --> 00:16:10,800
One of the pieces I needed was a tool
当时我需要一个工具

320
00:16:10,900 --> 00:16:12,500
called a parser generator.
叫做语法分析生成器。

321
00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:14,800
Well, the Free Software Foundation
嗯，Richard Stallman创建的自由软件基金会

322
00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:18,300
under Richard Stallman
created a great tool called "bison".
开发了一个很棒的工具，叫做“bison”。

323
00:16:18,500 --> 00:16:22,400
I needed a tool that worked with C++.
Bison worked with C.
我需要一个能够支持C++的工具，
而Bison只支持C语言。

324
00:16:22,900 --> 00:16:26,100
I modified bison to create something
called "bison++".
我修改bison，创建了“bison++”。

325
00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:28,700
And it's a tremendous feeling of empowerment
这强烈的触动了我

326
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:31,900
be able to take a piece of software that was available
你可以获取现存的某个软件，

327
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:36,500
and create what you needed
in a very short piece of time by modifying it.
通过短时间的修改，开发出你所需的东西。

328
00:16:36,700 --> 00:16:39,100
I put it back on the Internet
我把我的修改成果发布到Internet

329
00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:40,900
and I was amazed at the number of people
让我吃惊的是，有那么多的人

330
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:42,900
that picked it up and started using it.
下载并且开始使用它。

331
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:47,000
In fact, I remember going to, uh job interviews,
事实上，我记得后来，嗯，工作面试的时候，

332
00:16:47,300 --> 00:16:50,100
I, at various times, considered
just going out getting a job.
我，多次的考虑要去找一份工作。

333
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:52,100
And I'd gone to a job interview.
然后我去参加工作面试。

334
00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:53,600
And I was talking to one of the people,
然后我和其中的一位面试官谈话，

335
00:16:53,700 --> 00:16:56,500
and I started asking them about what tools they used,
然后我和他们谈到他们所使用的工具。

336
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,000
and they said, "Gee, we used bison++!"
然后他们说，“嘿，我们用bison++!”

337
00:16:59,100 --> 00:17:01,400
and I said, "Oh, I am the author of bison++!"
然后我说，“噢，我是bison++的作者!”

338
00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:06,100
Free Software generally does have a copyright.
自由软件一般还是有版权的。

339
00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:08,800
It does have an owner.
它也有所有者。

340
00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:10,000
And it has a license.
有许可协议。

341
00:17:10,100 --> 00:17:11,900
It is not public domain.
并受到版权保护

342
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,600
If we put the software in the public domain,
如果我们放弃软件的版权，

343
00:17:14,700 --> 00:17:17,900
somebody else would be able to make
a little bit of changes
有些人就会对它做一些小改动

344
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:20,900
and turn that into a proprietory software package,
然后把它变成专有软件包。

345
00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:23,800
which means that
the users would be running our software,
这意味着，他们的用户运行我们的软件，

346
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:26,800
but they wouldn't have freedom to cooperate and share.
却没有合作与共享的自由。

347
00:17:27,500 --> 00:17:31,200
To prevent that, we use a technique called "Copyleft".
为防止这种情况发生，我们采用了称之为“copyleft”的手段。

348
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:34,700
The idea of Copyleft is that
it's "Copyright" flipped over.
Copyleft就是“Copyright（版权所有）”的反动。

349
00:17:35,500 --> 00:17:37,200
And what we do is, we say,
我们所做的就是，我们声明，

350
00:17:37,300 --> 00:17:39,200
this software is copyrighted
这些软件是受版权保护的

351
00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:43,600
and we, the authors give you permission
to redistribute copies,
而我们，软件作者授与你复制分发的权力，

352
00:17:43,700 --> 00:17:45,200
we give you permission to change,
我们给你修改的权力，

353
00:17:45,300 --> 00:17:46,900
we give you permission to add to it.
我们给你增添的权力。

354
00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:48,700
But when you redistribute it,
但是当你重新发布的时候，

355
00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:52,500
it has to be under these terms,
no more and no less.
你的软件也必须给出这些授权，不多也不少。

356
00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:54,800
So that whoever gets it from you
所以无论谁从你这里获取软件，

357
00:17:54,900 --> 00:18:00,200
also gets the freedom to cooperate
with other people, if he wants to.
也同时得到了与他人合作的自由，
如果他想那么做的话。

358
00:18:00,300 --> 00:18:03,800
And then, in this way everywhere the software goes,
如此一来，这个软件传播到哪里，

359
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:05,500
the freedom goes, too.
自由也随之而来。

360
00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:07,900
And it becomes an inalienable right
它成为与他人合作和形成社团的

361
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,600
to cooperate with other people and form a community.
不可剥夺的权利。

362
00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:15,100
[ And so, what is that? the license?
what was that... ]
[那么，它是什么样的？那个许可协议？它是...]

363
00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:17,200
Well, Copyleft being a general idea,
是的，Copyleft只是一个理念，

364
00:18:17,300 --> 00:18:20,300
in order to use it, you have to have specific example.
要应用它，你得有一个具体的实例。

365
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:24,100
The specific example we use for
most GNU software packages
大多数GNU软件包所使用的一个实例

366
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:27,100
is the GNU General Public License,
就是GNU通用公共许可协议，

367
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:31,200
a particular document and legalese
which accomplishes this job.
以特定的文件和法律术语来达成这个目的。

368
00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:34,200
A lot of other people use that same license,
for example,
其他的许多人也使用这个许可协议，例如，

369
00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:37,700
Linus Torvalds uses that license for Linux as well.
Linus Torvalds也在Linux上使用这个许可协议。

370
00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:42,200
Well, the license I use is the
GNU General Public License.
嗯，我用的许可协议就是GNU通用公共许可协议。

371
00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:44,200
That's the one Richard Stallman wrote.
就是Richard Stallman写的那个。

372
00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:48,200
And I think it is really astounding contribution.
我认为这的确是一个令人惊叹的贡献。

373
00:18:48,300 --> 00:18:52,300
Uh, it's one of the few software licenses
that was written
嗯，这是仅有几个

374
00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:56,000
from the standpoint of the community rather than
从大众的角度出发，而不是

375
00:18:56,100 --> 00:18:59,900
from the standpoint of um, protecting a company
从，嗯，保护公司利益角度出发

376
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:05,500
or um, as is the case with MIT and BSD license
或者，嗯，类似MIT和BSD许可协议的那样

377
00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:09,400
performing the goals of
a government grant program.
从政府的立场出发制定的许可协议。

378
00:19:09,500 --> 00:19:12,500
Uh, and the GPL is really unique in that.
嗯，从这点上来说，GPL是独树一帜的。

379
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:16,000
It's not just a license.
It's a whole philosophy that,
它不仅仅是一个许可协议，它是一种哲学

380
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:19,100
I think, motivated the open source definition.
我想，它推动了“开放源码”的思想。

381
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:23,500
I don't hide that a lot of what I do came from Stallman.
我从来不隐瞒，我做的很多事都受Stallman的影响。

382
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:31,900
A crucial step in the growth of GNU/Linux
and the Free Software movement
GNU/Linux和自由软件运动的转折点之一

383
00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:35,600
was the creation of businesses
based upon the software and philosophy.
就是基于这些软件和哲学的商业市场的诞生。

384
00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:38,300
Grown zero for the beginning of
the business face
这样的商业应用源于

385
00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:41,500
was the Electronics Research Lab
at Stanford University.
斯坦福大学的电子研究实验室。

386
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:45,100
Known as ERL, the lab was the place for the first GNU
这个叫做ERL的实验室是第一个产生GNU

387
00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:47,500
and Linux business founder inspiration.
和Linux商业应用灵感的地方。

388
00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:49,600
So right here was where ERL was.
这里就是ERL从前的所在地。

389
00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:53,200
That would have been the entrance
over there next to the uh,
那里以前曾是入口，就在那儿，嗯

390
00:19:53,300 --> 00:19:55,600
electrical engineering McCullough building.
就在电子工程系McCullough大楼边上。

391
00:19:55,700 --> 00:19:59,500
As you walk in, you come in,
you walk down the hallway, down here.
当你走进，走进来，走到走廊尽头，来到这里。

392
00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:03,600
My office would have been about, about here.
我的办公室大概，大概就在这里。

393
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:07,000
and then right across the hall,
from that was Michael Tiemann's office.
然后，穿过大厅，从那里开始
是Michael Tiemann的办公室。

394
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:11,700
Michael Tiemann took uh.. and
started a company, Cygnus Software
Michael Tiemann，嗯，开办了一家公司，
Cygnus软件公司。

395
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:16,600
with the idea was to sell consulting
and services around the GNU Free Software
他的想法是通过为GNU自由软件
提供咨询和服务来赚钱

396
00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:19,000
and, well Michael's done very well with Cygnus.
并且，Michanel的Cygnus现在经营的非常好。

397
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:23,000
Well uh, I spend a lot of
time working out uh,
嗯，我花了很多时间去想，嗯，

398
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:25,000
how we were going to make money
我们如何才能赚到钱。

399
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:27,000
and in the original GNU manifesto
在最初的GNU宣言中，

400
00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:30,000
which is the last chapter
of the GNU Emacs manual.
也就是GNU Emacs手册的最后一章。

401
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:32,000
Stallman proposed a number of different
Stallman 提出了几种

402
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:33,800
possible ways to make money.
盈利的模式。

403
00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:35,800
Form the beginning of the
Free Software movement
自由软件运动刚刚起步的时候

404
00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:37,000
I had the idea that there's
我就意识到

405
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,000
room in it for business to be done.
它蕴含着商机。

406
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:41,700
One of the advantages of Free Software is that, there's
自由软件的优势之一就是它提供一个自由的市场

407
00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:45,000
a free market for any kind of service or support.
你可以在那里提供各种服务支持

408
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:47,000
So if you are using software in your business,
所以，如果你在工作中使用某个软件

409
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:49,000
and you want good support,
而且你想要得到好的技术支持，

410
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:52,000
you have a choice of people to go to for it,
就有很多人选可供你选择。

411
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:54,000
you have a choice of businesses... that
你可以选择公司...在那些

412
00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:57,000
are in the business of
providing you with support.
提供商业性技术支持服务的公司中做选择。

413
00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,000
So they are going to have to in general give you
所以他们会尽力为你提供好的服务

414
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:02,000
good support or you go to somebody else.
否则你会去找其他人。

415
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,000
With proprietory software,
对于那些私有版权的软件

416
00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:07,000
support is a monopoly, there is one company,
技术支持是垄断性质的，一般只有一个公司提供服务

417
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:09,600
typically, that has the source code
因为只有他们有源代码

418
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:11,500
and only they can give you support
所以也只有他们有能力提供支持服务。

419
00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:15,300
so typically, you are at the mercy of a monopoly.
这样你就一直处在那个垄断者的掌握之下

420
00:21:15,300 --> 00:21:17,600
That's the case, for example with Microsoft.
这方面的典型的就是Microsoft

421
00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:20,900
So no wonder the support is so bad.
所以他们提供的支持服务这么差也就不奇怪了。

422
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:22,500
The benefits of Free Software were
自由软件的优点很多

423
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:25,200
tremendous but the cost of supporting it internally
但是自行维护的代价问题

424
00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:27,800
uh, and made managers very very nervous and
嗯，这使管理者们非常非常不安

425
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:31,500
so the fundamental idea I had was
if we can build a model
所以我的基本思路是，能否建立一种服务模式

426
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:35,500
that could deliver two to four times the support
那就是提供2至4倍于

427
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:39,000
and uh, and uh, and hand holding capability
那个，那个，客户自身技术人员

428
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:41,100
that an internal engineer could provide.
所能提供的技术支持。

429
00:21:41,100 --> 00:21:44,100
And we could do it at 1/2 to 1/4 of the cost
而我们仅付出1/2到1/4的成本

430
00:21:44,100 --> 00:21:46,300
that would meet the test of wether or not
这是通过调查得出的

431
00:21:46,300 --> 00:21:47,900
people would actually buy.
客户能达成服务购买意向的标准。

432
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:50,400
And by about the Fall of that year, we had
到了那年秋天，

433
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,300
all the things worked out about who
我们已经完成了所有准备工作

434
00:21:52,300 --> 00:21:53,900
needed on the technical team, what
包括确定客户群，

435
00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:55,800
the terms the sale would be, what
销售模式，

436
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:57,600
the key price point were, and we
定价策略

437
00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:01,600
actually received our incorporation in Nov of 1989.
到了1989年11月，我们还成立了自己的公司。

438
00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:04,800
One of the most difficult things in starting our company
我们创建公司所面临的一大难题是

439
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:06,400
was actually finding a name for it.
给它取个什么样的名字。

440
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,000
I explained this to one of my friends
我向我的一个朋友征求意见

441
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:10,400
"we're having difficulty"
“我们遇上头疼的事了”

442
00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:12,900
and he returned an e-mail message
他回了一封e-mail给我

443
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:16,800
that basically just had a bunch of words
with the name "GNU" in it.
说只要公司名字里面有“GNU”三个字母就对了

444
00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:21,600
And "Cygnus" was the one that
looked least obnoxious and least obscene.
“Cygnus（天鹅座）”是个不错的选择

445
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:24,600
I can say very clearly that Cygnus
我可以明确的说 Cygnus

446
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:28,600
was the first business that specialized in Free Software.
是第一家专门服务于自由软件的商业公司。

447
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:32,100
Cygnus supported Free Software,
Cygnus为自由软件提供支持服务

448
00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:36,100
filled a very essential niche because
we had this great software,
填补了一个重要的空白。因为我们有了伟大的软件，

449
00:22:36,100 --> 00:22:40,100
you could get it for nothing but
you couldn't get support - they made their money
你可以不费任何代价得到它，但是你却得不到技术支持。

450
00:22:40,300 --> 00:22:42,200
by charging for support.
现在好了，有他们通过提供支持服务来赚钱

451
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:45,900
The GNU project started by building a toolkit,
GNU计划是从建立一系列的工具开始的

452
00:22:45,900 --> 00:22:50,800
a basic development tool such as
a C compiler, a debugger, a text-editor,
基本的开发工具，如C编译器，调试器，文本编辑器

453
00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:54,500
and uh, other necessary apparatus.
还有一些其他的必备工具。

454
00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:59,000
And their intention was eventually to
develop a kernel to sit underneath those
其最终目的是要开发一个内核

455
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:01,600
and be the center of the operating system.
作为这个操作系统的核心。

456
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:05,400
By about 1990 they had successfully
developed that toolkit,
到了1990年，他们已经开发出必备的工具软件

457
00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:09,400
and it was in wide use on great many variants of Unix.
这些软件已经在很多Unix系统上得到广泛应用了

458
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:12,100
But there was still no free kernel.
但是内核仍然是“非自由”的

459
00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:16,100
The kernel happened to be
one of the last things we started to do
内核成为我们要面对的最后一个问题

460
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:18,400
and we had started it not long before.
我们不久前才开始开发我们自己的内核

461
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,400
And that's when Linus Torvalds came along.
就在那个时候，Linus出现了

462
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,700
[ "Lin-us" or "Line-us"? What's the exact,
do you prefer the pronunciation? ]
[ “Lin-us”还是“Line-us”？该怎么读，
能给我们示范一下发音吗？]

463
00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:28,600
um.. When I speak Swedish it's "Lee-nus";
嗯..我说瑞典语的时候，是“Lee-nus”；

464
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,000
when I speak Finnish it's "Leen-ous";
说芬兰语的时候是“Leen-ous”；

465
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:32,800
when I speak English it's "Line-us".
说英语的时候是“Line-us”

466
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:35,600
And I really don't care how people pronounce my name.
其实我并不在意人们怎么念

467
00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:38,400
But "Linux" is always "Linux".
“Linux”就是“Linux”

468
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:42,800
He developed a kernel, and got it working
faster than we got ours working,
他开发了一个内核，他的进度比我们要快

469
00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:45,900
and got it to work very nicely and solidly.
他的内核运行良好，也稳定

470
00:23:45,900 --> 00:23:47,800
His kernel is called "Linux".
他把他的内核叫做“Linux”

471
00:23:48,300 --> 00:23:51,500
The initial goal was my very personal goal
我的最初目的只是为满足自己的需要

472
00:23:51,500 --> 00:23:55,100
to be able to run a similar environment on my computer
就是在我自己的计算机上装一个系统

473
00:23:55,500 --> 00:23:59,300
that I had grown used to at, at the university computers.
它能类似于我们大学主机上我用惯的系统

474
00:23:59,900 --> 00:24:05,300
And I could not find anything that suited me for that.
我当时没有找到符合要求的现成系统

475
00:24:05,700 --> 00:24:09,400
So having been doing computers for all my life basically.
因为我今后一直要跟计算机打交道，

476
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:12,500
At that point I decided that I'll do my own.
所以我决定自己开发一个这样的系统出来

477
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:17,000
Most of the inspiration early on came from, from SunOS
在开发之初，很多灵感都来自于SunOS

478
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:21,900
which was what um,
I was using at the university at the time.
我在大学的时候就用的这个系统

479
00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:23,000
[ Which University? ]
[ 哪所大学？ ]

480
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:24,700
University of Helsinki in Finland.
芬兰赫尔辛基大学

481
00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:30,100
From 1991 to about 1993 was really
我认为从1991年到1993年

482
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:32,700
I guess the infancy period of Linux.
是Linux发展的幼儿时期

483
00:24:32,700 --> 00:24:36,400
That was when it was still only alpha or beta quality;
那个时候Linux是处于开发与测试阶段

484
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:38,800
it was relatively unstable.
并且相对来说很不稳定

485
00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:41,600
Although, even then it was a good deal more stable
不过那个时候的Linux比现在很多所谓的

486
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:45,600
than a lot of what are now called
"production" operating systems.
“成品”操作系统要稳定的多。

487
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:49,600
Linus used the traditional
tried-and-true method of writing one program
Linus使用传统的“tried-and-true”方式来写程序

488
00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:52,500
that does the job,
他正是那做的，

489
00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:54,800
and he got it to work.
并且干得不赖。

490
00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:58,500
quickly in fact faster than
I would have thought was possible.
比我自己预计的要快的多

491
00:24:58,500 --> 00:25:01,500
The term for it is "monolithic",
Linux是单一内核的操作系统

492
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:09,400
which means that basically
the OS itself is one entity, indivisible.
也就是说操作系统本身是一个不可分的整体

493
00:25:11,100 --> 00:25:13,400
uh, while in the microkernel,
它不像微内核系统那样，

494
00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,900
the, the operating system kernel is actually
微内核系统实际上是一组服务程序，

495
00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:20,700
uh, just a collection of servers that
分别完成不同的任务，

496
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:23,500
do different things and then they have a common protocol
彼此通过一个共同的协议来通讯，

497
00:25:23,500 --> 00:25:25,700
for doing communication between themselves.
来协调它们的动作。

498
00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:31,800
[ So why is that... the GNU project that's had
so much lead-time, that's been doing this,
[ 为什么GNU的内核开发的这么慢？

499
00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:35,100
Why...Why is it that he was able to kinda
come in at the tail end so to speak ]
为什么他能后来居上 ]

500
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:40,800
Well we actually started the
GNU Hurd not long before he started Linux.
GNU Hurd计划在Linux计划开始之前不久就启动了。

501
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:45,700
And it happened though we chose a design
that's a very advanced design
我们确定了一个非常先进的设计方案

502
00:25:46,300 --> 00:25:48,300
in terms of the power gives you
以获得更强大的功能

503
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:50,900
but also turns out to be very hard to debug.
但随之而来的是调试非常困难。

504
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:57,300
We decided to divide up the kernel
which traditionally had been one program,
我们的内核不是传统意义上的单一程序，

505
00:25:57,300 --> 00:25:59,600
to divide it up into a lot of smaller programs
而是分割成许多较小的程序

506
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:03,600
that would send messages to
each other asynchronously to, to communicate.
它们相互间通过异步通信传递消息。

507
00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:09,500
The problem is that, that style of programming
问题是，这种设计方案

508
00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:11,800
has a great deal of potential for bugs,
会产生大量潜在的程序错误，

509
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:14,700
which are often very hard to
figure out because they depend on...
而这些错误又很难定位，因为它们依赖于...

510
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:22,100
does this program send this message
before or after this one sends that message...
这个程序发出消息是
在那个程序发出消息之前或之后...

511
00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:27,300
And the result was:
it took us years to get the thing to work.
结果我们花了好几年时间才能让它运行起来。

512
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:31,700
[ What is Linux's relationship to the GNU project? ]
[ Linux与GNU计划之间是什么关系？] 

513
00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:39,100
Well there's relationships to GNU
on kind of multiple levels.
GNU与Linux的关系是多层次的

514
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:43,600
One is just the philosophical level of thinking that
一个是哲学角度上的

515
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:46,700
"making your source open is a good idea".
“开放源码是个好主意”

516
00:26:47,300 --> 00:26:51,300
When Linus developed the kernel
he wasn't doing it for the GNU project.
Linus刚刚开始写内核的时候，并未参与GNU计划

517
00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:52,800
He did it independently.
他只是单干

518
00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:56,200
And he released it independently
and we didn't know about it.
他独立发布他的内核，我们也不知道

519
00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:58,500
But some of the people who did know about it
但那些接触到Linux的人

520
00:26:58,500 --> 00:27:01,000
decided to look for what else they could find
想要找一些

521
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:04,300
to put together with that kernel to
make a whole system.
能与之相结合以建立一个完整操作系统的东西。

522
00:27:04,300 --> 00:27:08,300
They looked around, and lo and behold
他们这么一找啊，你瞧，

523
00:27:08,500 --> 00:27:09,500
They looked around, and lo and behold
他们所要的都已经是现成的了。

524
00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:11,600
"What good fortune!" they thought.
“运气真好啊！”他们这样想

525
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:13,900
But actually there was no chance about it.
但其实那并非好运所致

526
00:27:13,900 --> 00:27:17,900
They had found all the pieces of the
GNU system which was missing just the kernel,
他们所找到的正是GNU计划的组成部分
我们仅仅只差一个内核而已

527
00:27:18,700 --> 00:27:20,600
so when they put all that together
所以他们所做的其实是

528
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:24,600
really they were fitting
Linux into the gap in the GNU system.
用Linux填补了GNU计划的空白。

529
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:26,400
But they didn't know that.
但他们自己还没有意识到。

530
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:30,800
There's a lot of these programs
有很多这样的程序

531
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:34,600
um, done by the Free Softwares Foundation,
嗯，有自由软件基金会开发的，

532
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:36,800
and done by other people like Linux.
也有其他喜欢Linux的人开发的。

533
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:40,800
And there's a symbiosis between
Linux and the programs
Linux与这些程序相互依存

534
00:27:40,900 --> 00:27:44,700
that the programs run on Linux and at the same time
这些程序运行在Linux上

535
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:47,100
and they take the advantage of Linux as a platform,
把Linux作为它们运行的平台，

536
00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:50,700
while Linux takes the advantage of the programs
而同时Linux有了这些程序

537
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:52,700
by just being able to use them.
就能通过它们完成各种工作

538
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:54,300
[ What...What programs? ]
[ 什么...什么程序？]

539
00:27:54,700 --> 00:27:56,100
umm...
嗯...

540
00:27:56,100 --> 00:27:59,100
The main one is actually the GNU C Compiler.
最重要的一个应该是GNU C编译器

541
00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:03,300
Which... Without a C compiler
it would not have been possible
可以说，没有C编译器

542
00:28:03,300 --> 00:28:09,500
to make Linux or most of the open progress available.
Linux及其他开源项目就无法进行

543
00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:12,700
Linux uses the GPL,
Linux遵循GPL，

544
00:28:12,700 --> 00:28:17,400
and I agree with a kind of philosophy behind the GPL.
我本人也认同GPL所体现的原则

545
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:23,200
That said the GPL itself is not a very pretty document
有人说GPL不是一份很完美的文件

546
00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:27,800
which is probably just because
no lawyerese can ever be very pretty.
也许世上不存在十全十美的法律文本

547
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:37,800
I'd been playing around with Linux for actually
我开始使用Linux应该是从

548
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:41,300
late '92 or early '93 for about a year.
92年底或93年初，用了大约一年

549
00:28:41,300 --> 00:28:45,900
before I decided that it was to the point
where actually had everything that I needed
我感到它正是我所想要的玩意儿

550
00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:48,300
to really replace a Sun Workstation.
能用它完全替代Sun工作站

551
00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:52,300
And I was looking for a way to
have a Unix workstation at home
我正设法想在家里使用Unix工作站

552
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:56,400
at the time we used Sun Sparc Stations
in the office at Stanford.
那时候我们在斯坦福的办公室使用
的是Sun Sparc工作站

553
00:28:57,900 --> 00:29:00,400
Those machines cost us about 7,000 dollars.
那机器价值7000美元

554
00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:02,900
Now I desperately wanted a Unix machine at home!
要在家里拥有一台Unix机器实在希望渺茫！

555
00:29:02,900 --> 00:29:05,600
There's always a this thought
you get as you get a graduate student
由于在读研究生，我常想

556
00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:06,900
"Gee... if I could work at home!
“噢... 如果我可以在家工作

557
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:08,800
Then I would be so much more productive,
我就可以干更多活，

558
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,900
I would graduate sooner because
I would finish my thesis sooner"
我就能早一点毕业，早点完成我的论文”

559
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:16,000
Well, Well, is it true? Well, you can judge.
不是吗？你说说看

560
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:19,800
You know most people end up spending a lot of their time
要知道许多人如果能

561
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:21,300
becoming more productive so that
更有效率地使用他的时间

562
00:29:21,300 --> 00:29:24,500
they ever actually worked on their thesis
they'll finish it in a day.
可能一天时间就完成论文了。

563
00:29:24,500 --> 00:29:26,200
It takes a while sometimes.
也许还要多花些时间。

564
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:28,500
So I decided that I wanted a Unix machine at home.
所以我想有家里装一台Unix机器

565
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:32,500
And I went out there I was able to
use Linux together with the PC.
现在我发现可以在PC机上安装Linux系统

566
00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:36,500
For about 2,000 dollars, I put together a system.
得到这样一套系统，我只要花2000美元

567
00:29:36,500 --> 00:29:39,400
That was one and a half to two times faster
而且运行速度还要快上1.5到2倍

568
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:42,100
than that 7,000 dollars Sun Sparc Station.
相对于7000美元的Sun Sparc工作站

569
00:29:42,100 --> 00:29:43,800
It was absolutely amazing.
这实在令人惊讶

570
00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:46,800
I had one and a half to two times the speed,
我可以有一个运行速度快1.5到2倍的系统，

571
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:49,500
at a third to fourth the price.
而只花1/3到1/4的价钱

572
00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:50,800
Light bulbs went off.
灵光一闪

573
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,000
I knew there was an opportunity here.
我明白机会来了

574
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:57,000
This was the chance to really do something
better than what Sun has done
我有了比Sun更好的选择

575
00:29:57,100 --> 00:29:59,700
around open source and Linux.
那就是开放源代码和Linux

576
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:03,300
I called it Linux originally as working name.
我最初把Linux作为项目的名称

577
00:30:03,300 --> 00:30:06,800
And that was just because Linus
它来源于Linus

578
00:30:06,800 --> 00:30:08,000
and the it has to be there.
就是这样

579
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:10,100
It's Unix. It's like a law.
它只是一个名称而已

580
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:14,000
And...what happened was that...
然后...事情是这样的...

581
00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:17,800
I initially thought that I can't call it Linux publicly,
起初我认为我不应该公开的称之为Linux，

582
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,100
because it is just too egotistical.
因为这显得太自高自大

583
00:30:20,100 --> 00:30:22,400
And that was before I had a big ego. Right?
也太张扬，对吧？

584
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:26,700
They thought they were taking a whole bunch
of components putting them around Linux
他们认为他们是以Linux内核为中心
捆绑了一系列的组件

585
00:30:27,400 --> 00:30:30,400
So they ended up calling the whole thing
"A Linux System"
因此他们把这套东西称之为“Linux系统”

586
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:33,100
and somehow that term caught on.
而这一称呼逐渐流行起来

587
00:30:33,100 --> 00:30:34,600
And the result is
其结果是

588
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:38,600
there are now ten million people using
现在有一千万人在使用

589
00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:40,100
this variant of the GNU system...
这个变种GNU系统...

590
00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:42,400
the GNU/Linux operating system.
确切说是“GNU/Linux”操作系统

591
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:44,500
And most of them don't know it.
而他们多数人还不知道这一点

592
00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:48,800
[ Some people advocate it be described as GNU/Linux.
[ 有人提出应该把它叫做GNU/Linux

593
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:52,300
I mean what's your thought on
that? I would say, justify or... ]
你怎么看？我是说，这样称呼合适吗 ]

594
00:30:52,300 --> 00:30:57,600
Well, I think it's justified but it is justified
if you actually make GNU distribution of Linux.
嗯，这没问题，如果你制作的是Linux的GNU发行版
那当然没问题

595
00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:05,100
The same way that I think that Red Hat Linux
is fine or SuSE Linux, or Debian Linux.
就象Red Hat Linux，SuSE Linux或Debian Linux

596
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:09,000
Uh, because if you actually make your
own distribution of Linux
因为，你要制作Linux发行版的话

597
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:10,800
You get to name the thing.
总得给它取个名字吧。

598
00:31:10,900 --> 00:31:14,900
But calling Linux in general "GNU Linux"
I think, is just ridiculous.
但我认为要把这些系统都称为
“GNU Linux”就有点荒唐

599
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:18,600
I got involved in Fall '93.
我第一次接触是在93年秋天

600
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:25,100
Because I was sent a copy of the first CD-ROM
commercial Linux distribution,
我拿到了一份首次商业发行的Linux光盘拷贝

601
00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:28,500
which was called Yggdrasi produced by Adam Richter.
它叫做Yggdrasi，是由Adam Richter出品的

602
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:30,600
And I got a copy because...
我拿到这份拷贝是因为...

603
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:34,500
I had been myself writing Free Software for
a long time since the early 80's.
我从80年代初就开始写自由软件。

604
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:37,100
I was actually one of the
early GNU contributors myself.
也可是算是GNU事业的元老了

605
00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:39,800
And I was absolutely astonished,
我绝对的被震惊了

606
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:41,300
I was completely astonished.
我完全被震惊了

607
00:31:41,300 --> 00:31:45,300
Because I've been a software engineer
for nearly 15 years at that point.
那时我做软件工程师已经近15年了

608
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:48,200
And according to all the rules I knew...
据我所知，做软件应该遵循一些规则...

609
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:51,900
about controlling complexity,
keeping a project group small,
比如控制复杂性，控制开发小组的规模

610
00:31:51,900 --> 00:31:54,700
having closely managed objectives.
以及目标管理

611
00:31:54,700 --> 00:31:57,000
Linux should have been a disaster, and it wasn't.
按这些规则，Linux应该是一个灾难，但是它不是。

612
00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:59,100
Instead, it was something wonderful,
相反的，它是个令人惊奇的东西

613
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:02,400
and I was determined to figure out
how they were getting a way with that.
我很想看看他们是怎么做到的

614
00:32:04,500 --> 00:32:07,900
In order for Linux to grow beyond
the world of the computer programmer
为了让Linux进一步成长
跨出计算机程序员的世界

615
00:32:07,900 --> 00:32:11,900
It needed a use and application
that made it a must-have technology
就需要有一些应用项目
以使它成为必不可少的技术产品

616
00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:13,900
That threshold was crossed
开端在于

617
00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:17,700
with the development of a program
that made complex websites possible
一个用于建设复杂网站的程序被开发出来

618
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:20,600
That program is the Apache web server.
这个程序就是Apache网站服务器

619
00:32:21,300 --> 00:32:24,600
The killer app of Linux was undoubtedly
the Apache web server.
Linux的杀手锏无疑就是Apache

620
00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:27,100
If you look at the history of Linux,
如果你回头看看Linux的历史

621
00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:28,800
the adoption curve of Linux and
Linux的成长曲线和

622
00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:31,600
the adoption curve of the Internet
Internet的成长曲线

623
00:32:31,600 --> 00:32:33,100
exactly track each other.
相当地吻合

624
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:38,100
1993, which was when the Apache
web server project really got started,
1993年，Apache计划正式启动

625
00:32:38,100 --> 00:32:41,700
was also the beginnings of the popular ISP explosion
也正是ISP爆发性增长的开端

626
00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:45,500
when the Internet first became a mass market commodity
当Internet首次面对广阔的市场

627
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:47,900
and the idea of web-based electronic commerce
以网站为基础的电子商务

628
00:32:47,900 --> 00:32:50,300
and, and mass communication became real.
和大众传媒成为了可能

629
00:32:50,900 --> 00:32:54,100
I think it was one of the first applications
that caused people to go
我认为Apache是第一个
促使人们使用Linux的应用程序

630
00:32:54,100 --> 00:32:56,000
"Well, if I install Linux.
“嗯，如果我要安装Linux

631
00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:59,000
I get some tangible benefit from doing so, right?"
总得有一些实际的好处，是吧？”

632
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:02,800
I mean, clearly there were a lot of
interesting applications on Linux
我的意思是，Linux确实有很多有趣的应用

633
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:04,700
at, at the time, this being maybe
two or three years ago,
在那时，在两三年前就有了

634
00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:06,600
when the root thing really started to take off
那时就已经打好了根基

635
00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:09,300
but there wasn't a driving, you know,
但是还缺少一个实际应用上的突破

636
00:33:09,300 --> 00:33:10,600
you could almost say business case
使你有资本和其他人谈论

637
00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:13,500
for someone to use Linux versus using NT
能与NT相提并论的Linux商业案例

638
00:33:13,500 --> 00:33:16,800
until, I think, Apache and
a lot of the things that plugged into Apache
直到，我想，Apache和很多Apahce的插件

639
00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:18,300
enhanced Apache
增强了Apache

640
00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:21,300
I mean, when you want to go out and build..
go out to build a server farm
我指的是，当你想去建...建一个服务器

641
00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:23,600
It was much more cost effective
它有很高的性价比

642
00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:24,200
cost effective
性价比

643
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:29,100
real dollar returns to build it on Linux and Apache
than was to build it on IIS and NT
用Linux和Apache建服务器比用IIS和NT省钱

644
00:33:29,100 --> 00:33:31,500
even if it meant that you have to
spend a little bit of money
即使你必须花一点钱

645
00:33:31,500 --> 00:33:33,100
to train your staff to learn how to use that or
去训练你的职员学习怎样使用

646
00:33:33,100 --> 00:33:34,800
to find people who were people who
were knowledgeable.
或寻找懂得Apache的人

647
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:35,900
But the good news was that
但好消息是

648
00:33:35,900 --> 00:33:37,600
the knowledge wasn't very expensive
这种花费并不高

649
00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:39,300
because there were all those college students out there
因为那些大学生们

650
00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:42,700
who'd been using Linux for a long time
and were very familiar with it.
使用Linux已经很长时间了，而且对这个很熟悉。

651
00:33:42,700 --> 00:33:45,900
If you look at the trend curves in web servers
如果你看网站服务器的发展曲线

652
00:33:45,900 --> 00:33:49,600
Apache has steadily been gaining
a market share ever since
Apache从一开始就在稳步的增加市场份额

653
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:52,100
it's up to something like 66% now
现在已经占到66%了

654
00:33:52,100 --> 00:33:55,300
It's steadily clobbered
all of the closed source competition
它渐渐的打败了所有不开放源代码的竞争者

655
00:33:55,300 --> 00:33:59,700
And that's because it's more reliable
it's more flexible, it's more extensible
所有这些都是因为它更可靠,更灵活,更有扩展性

656
00:33:59,700 --> 00:34:03,000
It does what webmasters actually need
它迎合了网管的需要

657
00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:06,000
and the combination of Apache and Linux
Apache和Linux相结合

658
00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:08,300
found its way into a great many commercial shops.
打通了进入广大商业市场的道路

659
00:34:09,200 --> 00:34:13,800
Essentially, Apache became the application
that motivated Internet service providers
本质上,Apache成为推动Internet服务供应商

660
00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:17,800
and e-commerce companies to choose Linux
over Microsoft's Windows.
和电子商务公司更多的选择Linux
而不是Microsoft的Windows的应用

661
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:22,100
It would probably runs best on Linux and on FreeBSD
或许它在Linux和FreeBSD上运行的更好

662
00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:25,700
and the reason is the
communities around those operating systems
其原因是研究那些操作系统的团体

663
00:34:25,700 --> 00:34:30,100
are also the communities that
contribute the most back to Apache, right?
也正是给予Apache大力支持的团体，对吧？

664
00:34:30,100 --> 00:34:34,100
And there were also the operating systems
that Internet service providers
此外，那些Internet服务供应商

665
00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:35,900
started using very heavily as well
先前使用的操作系统并不好用

666
00:34:36,500 --> 00:34:39,400
and Internet service providers really liked Apache
Internet服务供应商非常喜欢Apache

667
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:40,800
because it allowed them to do
因为它可以让他们去做

668
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:44,100
a lot of different things
that some of the commercial web servers didn't
很多商业网站服务器不能做的事情，

669
00:34:44,100 --> 00:34:48,100
such as the ability to host more than
one web site on a single box, which clearly
比如在一台机子支持多个网站的能力，显然

670
00:34:48,200 --> 00:34:50,800
if you are an ISP and you would have 40,000 users
如果你是一个拥有4万个用户的ISP

671
00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:52,000
and they all want their web site
这些用户都需要开设自己的个人网站

672
00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:53,600
it's gonna be pretty important to you.
那这一点对你来说是非常重要的。

673
00:34:54,900 --> 00:34:57,200
one of the key factors in the growth of Linux was
在Linux的成长中一个关键因素是

674
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:00,000
the creation of companies that
specialized in the distribution
创建了一些专门为这个操作系统提供

675
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:02,100
and support of the Operating System itself
发行和技术支持服务的公司

676
00:35:02,300 --> 00:35:05,700
Among these companies,
Red Hat Software is the best known.
Red Hat Software是这些公司中最著名的一家

677
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:09,100
Red Hat started as a product of Marc Ewing
Red Hat最初是Marc Ewing的成果

678
00:35:09,100 --> 00:35:10,700
while he was working at IBM.
他当时服务于IBM

679
00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:12,700
He wanted a little better Linux distribution
他想要一个好一点的Linux发行版

680
00:35:12,700 --> 00:35:14,100
he started playing around,
他开始着手工作，

681
00:35:14,100 --> 00:35:18,100
found out he uh, he spent more time
maintaining his Linux distribution
他发现，嗯，他花了太多时间
在Linux发行版的维护上

682
00:35:18,300 --> 00:35:21,300
than he did uh,
than he did working on his new project.
超过了花在他自己的新项目上的时间。

683
00:35:21,300 --> 00:35:25,000
So he uh, sort of started the distribution himself
所以他，嗯，开始做自己的发行版

684
00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:26,600
He met up with Bob Young,
他遇到了Bob Young，

685
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:29,500
who at the time was running company called
ACC Bookstore
Bob Young当时开了一家公司叫ACC书店

686
00:35:29,500 --> 00:35:32,900
which was a mail-order PC Unix uh, catalog
那是一家邮购PC Unix，嗯，目录的公司

687
00:35:32,900 --> 00:35:34,800
And Bob kind of knew he wanted something,
Bob有一个想法，

688
00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:36,900
you know, more his own to market,
就是，开拓自己的市场，

689
00:35:36,900 --> 00:35:39,300
rather than reselling other people's products
而不是销售别人的产品

690
00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:42,400
And he was fairly good at marketing, and...
他非常善于做市场，然后...

691
00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:43,800
Mark knew he needed some marketing help
Mark正需要人协助开拓市场

692
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,800
because he was very good at the technical parts,
so they kinda got together
而他自己长于技术，因此他们走到了一起

693
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:51,100
I started working with Red Hat in May of 1995,
basically right out of NC State.
我在1995年5月加入了Red Hat， 在北卡罗来纳州

694
00:35:51,100 --> 00:35:56,100
along with Eric Troan who, me and him
combined make up employees #4 and #5.
和Eric Troan一起，我们成了第四第五个成员

695
00:35:57,000 --> 00:36:01,000
We actually reported to work in an apartment
that Mark Ewing used to live in
记得我们是在Mark Ewing以前住的公寓里展开工作

696
00:36:02,300 --> 00:36:06,200
We took it over as kind of
the development part of Red Hat software
我们接管了一些Red Hat软件的开发工作

697
00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:10,100
and stayed that way till about November of 1995 when...
就那样直到1995年的11月...

698
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:12,900
a toilet we had in the apartment kind of exploded,
当时我们房间的一个马桶爆了，

699
00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:14,300
flooded our downstairs neighbor
水漏到了楼下的邻居家

700
00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:17,400
and she got little upset and...
她很生气而且...

701
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:19,600
the apartment folks found out
we were running a business there
住户们发现我们在从事商业活动

702
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:21,700
instead of actually living there the same time
而不是在那里生活

703
00:36:21,700 --> 00:36:23,100
So they decided to throw us out.
所以他们把我们赶了出来

704
00:36:23,100 --> 00:36:25,300
So at that point, we had about a week to go find
为此，我们花了近一个星期去找

705
00:36:25,300 --> 00:36:27,600
our first office, which we did
我们第一个办公室，我们找到了

706
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:29,600
and get ourselves moved in a hurry
并立刻搬了进去

707
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:45,100
We started going in again '95 or so
to the venture capital firms,
我们在95年又开始了，并找了风险投资机构

708
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:48,000
asking, saying, there's something happening here.
告诉他们这里将会发生什么

709
00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,100
There's a great business opportunity,
有一个巨大的商业机遇，

710
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:54,100
to build the next Sun for open source.
就是以开放源代码的方式创造另一个Sun公司

711
00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:57,500
Well, the venture capitalists looked at this and said
然而，风险投资商看了后说

712
00:36:57,500 --> 00:37:00,000
"Gee, you are selling systems
“天哪，你们在卖系统

713
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,100
the software is free. This is kind of scary.
而软件是免费的。这太可怕了。

714
00:37:02,100 --> 00:37:04,600
We're not sure that we want to put money in. And...
我们不能确定会往这里投资。而且...

715
00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:08,000
by the way, we funded other systems companies
顺便说说，我们投资的其他一些系统公司

716
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:10,900
and it hasn't really panned out. We are scared."
没有一个成功的。我们很害怕。”

717
00:37:13,100 --> 00:37:16,200
I came to the US about 3 years ago,
我3年前来到了美国

718
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:18,500
and the reason really was that I'd been spending
原因是我已经在

719
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:22,800
like 6 or 7 years at Helsinki University.
赫尔辛基大学呆了6到7年

720
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:27,100
and decide it was time to see the real world
and not just university life.
我决定该是时候离开学校看看真实世界了

721
00:37:27,100 --> 00:37:32,100
Especially this area had a lot of the most
interesting work being done.
尤其是这个领域有很多很有趣的事可做

722
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:35,400
So I just decided that...
所以我决定...

723
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:39,400
let's try to move half way across the world,
让我跨越半个地球

724
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:41,100
and give this a try.
来闯闯世界

725
00:37:41,100 --> 00:37:43,100
And it's turned out pretty well.
而且现在一切都很好

726
00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:46,000
[ Ah...you see this as temporary or long term? ]
[ 嗯...这是一个短期还是长期的打算？]

727
00:37:46,500 --> 00:37:49,100
Well, we saw it as temporary at first.、
嗯，开始我只做了短期考虑...

728
00:37:49,100 --> 00:37:53,100
And I think it's certainly looking like
it's turning into long term.
我想它的确看上去已演变成长期的了

729
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:56,900
Our youngest daughter is
both US and Finnish citizen,
我的小女儿同时是美国和芬兰公民

730
00:37:56,900 --> 00:37:58,400
because she was born here
因为她在这里出生

731
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:03,000
and the older one is speaking
both Swedish and English, so...
大女儿会讲瑞典语和英语，就是这样

732
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:31,200
The next major event was one that
I had directed hand in.
下一个重要事件也就是我正在干的事

733
00:38:31,300 --> 00:38:34,100
I wrote a paper, called
"The Cathedral & the Bazaar".
我写了一篇论文，叫做“大教堂与集市”

734
00:38:34,100 --> 00:38:37,800
which was my observations,
my anthropological analysis
那是我的观察报告，我的人类学分析

735
00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:40,100
of what it was that made
the open source world work.
关于“开放源码”世界发展动力问题

736
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:45,400
We didn't call it that then. We were still
using the term "Free Software" primarily.
虽然我们并未那样称呼它
我们仍主要使用“自由软件”这一术语

737
00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:48,100
So it was my observation of
what made the Free Software world work
所以我的这个观察报告是关于
自由软件世界发展动力，

738
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:52,400
and why we were able to
produce extremely high quality software
以及为什么我们有能力
开发出非常高质量的软件

739
00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:56,900
in spite of constantly violating all of
the standard rules of software engineering
却是在时常违反软件工程惯常准则
的情况下做到的

740
00:38:57,800 --> 00:39:00,500
In that paper, I was setting up a contrast
在这篇论文里，我对

741
00:39:00,500 --> 00:39:02,700
between two different styles of development,
两种不同开发模式做了对比，

742
00:39:02,700 --> 00:39:04,400
two opposed styles of development.
这是两种截然相反的开发模式。

743
00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:10,000
One, which is the
conventional closed development style,
其一是传统的封闭开发模式

744
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:12,500
which I called the "Cathedral" style.
我称它为“大教堂”模式

745
00:39:12,500 --> 00:39:15,800
In that one, you have
tight specification of objectives.
在那个模式里，你有非常严谨的目标规划

746
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:21,100
Small project groups which are run
in a fairly hierarchical authoritarian manner.
等级森严的小项目组

747
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:24,800
And you have long release intervals
并且有很长的发布间隔

748
00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:28,500
On the other hand,what I identified
is happening in the Linux world
我定义的另一种模式，就是发生在Linux世界的

749
00:39:28,500 --> 00:39:34,100
was a much more peer to peer decentralized,
market or bazaar-like style,
成员对等而分散，类似集市的模式

750
00:39:34,500 --> 00:39:36,100
which has a very short release intervals
它有非常短的发布间隔

751
00:39:36,100 --> 00:39:41,100
and constant solicitation of feedback from people
who are formally outside of the project.
并不断接受来自项目外部人员的反馈意见。

752
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:45,100
A very intense peer review process.
一个非常典型的对等交流过程。

753
00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:48,100
And the startling thing was that the more I looked at this,
令人吃惊的是，我越是深入观察这种模式，

754
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:52,100
the more it seemed that trading away
all the supposed advantages
就越是打消了所有我原来想象中

755
00:39:52,900 --> 00:39:55,000
of conventional closed development,
传统封闭开发模式的优势，

756
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:59,000
for that one single advantage
of massive independent peer review
仅仅由于自主对等交流方式的巨大优势

757
00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:03,000
actually seemed to win,
actually seemed to get you good results.
真的看上去获胜了，真的看上去给你以好的结果。

758
00:40:06,500 --> 00:40:08,400
The reason Netscape is important is
Netscape的重要性在于

759
00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:13,300
that they were the first large company
to participate in open source.
他们是第一个参与“开放源码”的大公司

760
00:40:13,300 --> 00:40:15,100
We had Cygnus providing support,
我们有Cygnus提供技术支持，

761
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:17,700
but we didn't really have much business.
但是我们生意很清淡。

762
00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:21,500
And Netscape went open source essentially
as a way to fight Microsoft.
Netscape加入“开放源码”本质上
是对抗Microsoft的一种手段。

763
00:40:21,500 --> 00:40:25,300
Which was giving away Internet Explorer,
Microsoft免费分发Internet Explorer，

764
00:40:25,300 --> 00:40:29,300
but not letting anyone else have the source code,
not letting companies collaborate.
但是不向其他人提供源代码，不让其他公司合作

765
00:40:30,300 --> 00:40:32,000
Working as part of the sales force, I got a bit of,
作为销售人员，我得到一个，

766
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:34,400
I got a good idea of.. of why people bought our software
我得到了一个启示...一个关于人们为什么买我们的软件

767
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:38,400
and what it took to make our software successful
in the marketplace against competitive products.
和什么原因促使我们的软件成功
击败竞争对手占领市场的启示。

768
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:41,100
However, the problem was,
但是，问题是，

769
00:40:41,100 --> 00:40:44,700
we were seeing, as that, as time went on,
我们看到，随着，随着时间流逝，

770
00:40:44,700 --> 00:40:48,100
our software was uh,
我们的软件嗯，

771
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:51,900
being competed against by other
people's software, particularly Microsoft's
与其他公司的软件在竞争，特别是Microsoft

772
00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:55,700
and as time went on, the price of our software had to drop
随着时间的流逝，我们软件的价格被迫下跌

773
00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:57,800
because other people were giving their software away
因为别的公司

774
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:00,800
at no charge or at little charge.
免费或低价分发他们的软件。

775
00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:03,000
Now the real problem was that they feared
现在现实的问题是他们担心

776
00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:06,500
Microsoft would achieve a monopoly lock on the browser market
Microsoft会在浏览器市场获得垄断地位

777
00:41:06,500 --> 00:41:10,300
and they would then use that monopoly lock to
然后他们会利用垄断地位

778
00:41:10,300 --> 00:41:11,900
pervert actually,
篡改

779
00:41:11,900 --> 00:41:15,900
the HTTP and HTML standards that the web depends on.
互联网站所依赖的HTTP和HTML标准。

780
00:41:15,900 --> 00:41:19,900
And once they had turned those
standards in to lock in devices,
他们一旦使这些标准演变成非开放的，

781
00:41:19,900 --> 00:41:23,900
they could then use that control
to drive Netscape out of the server market,
他们就可以利用对标准的控制权
把Netscape驱赶出服务器市场，

782
00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:26,600
which was where it was making its real money.
那个才是真正赚钱的地方

783
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:29,500
My concern was that as time went on,
我关心的是随着时间流逝，

784
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,300
Netscape's business would be threatened,
Netscape的业务会受到威胁，

785
00:41:33,300 --> 00:41:37,100
by the fact that we didn't have enough people
to do what we needed to do as a company
事实上是我们没有足够的人做一个公司应该做的事

786
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:41,000
in order to keep our software viable in the marketplace.
以保持我们软件的市场地位。

787
00:41:41,500 --> 00:41:45,300
The Netscape release happened in early 1998.
Netscape早在1998年就发布了

788
00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:49,300
And uh, I was told later, I had no idea at the time,
然后嗯，我是后来才听说的，我当时完全不知道

789
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:52,600
that it came about as a direct result of
直接导致的结果是

790
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:55,400
the right people having read
"The Cathedral and the Bazaar".
一个恰当的人读了“大教堂与集市”

791
00:41:55,900 --> 00:41:59,600
"The Cathedral and the Bazaar",
the paper by Eric Raymond,
Eric Raymond写的论文“大教堂与集市”

792
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:05,200
was a significant influence on
Netscape's decision to release source code.
对Netscape发布源代码的决定有着极其重大的影响

793
00:42:05,900 --> 00:42:08,100
It came as a complete shock to me.
它给了我很大的震动

794
00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:10,300
I wasn't really ready for the thought
我没有丝毫心理准备

795
00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:12,500
that I was changing the world even by accident.
我因为一个意外改变了整个世界

796
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:17,200
However he was not by any means
the only influence on that decision.
然而，无论如何他都不是这个决定的唯一因素。

797
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:19,700
Uh, and not necessarily the most important one,
嗯，甚至不是最重要的因素

798
00:42:19,700 --> 00:42:21,400
when all is said and done.
当一切已经公布于众以后

799
00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:23,600
As I said, Netscape,
就像我说的，Netscape，

800
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:27,600
Netscape had already been talking about
releasing source code for quite some time before
Netscape之前就有讨论过开放源代码问题

801
00:42:28,300 --> 00:42:30,200
anyone ever heard of Eric's paper.
在看到Eric的论文之前。

802
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:32,600
Linux Congress in early 1997,
1997初的Linux大会

803
00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:35,600
which was the first place that I gave that paper.
也就是我第一次发表那个论文的地方

804
00:42:35,900 --> 00:42:39,900
And one of the people who heard it was
Tim O'Reilly of O'Reilly & Associates.
听我作报告的人中有O'Reilly & Associates公司
的Tim O'Reilly

805
00:42:40,400 --> 00:42:43,300
And uh, he thought it was pretty intriguing
并且，嗯，他认为这论点很吸引人。

806
00:42:43,300 --> 00:42:47,300
and he asked me to give it at
his first PERL conference, which was uh..
于是他邀请我到他的第一届PERL研讨会作报告，

807
00:42:47,300 --> 00:42:49,900
later that year, in Fall of 97.
就在同年，97年秋。

808
00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:52,500
And apparently what happened, I was told later,
显然这促成了某些事情发生，我后来才得知，

809
00:42:52,500 --> 00:42:55,000
although I had no idea that this was happening at the time,
尽管当时我对此毫不知情，

810
00:42:55,400 --> 00:43:01,500
uh is that some people from Netscape actually
heard the paper at the PERL conference
嗯，就是有Netscape的人在PERL研讨会听了我的报告。

811
00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:05,500
and took those ideas back to Netscape and
they kind of lit a fire there.
并将这些观点带回了Netscape，从而引发了很大的争论。

812
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:09,600
The role of my paper was essentially
to make the internal case at Netscape, uh
我的论文扮演的角色本质上是
引发Netscape内部讨论，嗯

813
00:43:09,700 --> 00:43:13,700
to make the business case for
why Netscape should release its source code.
最终促成Netscape开放源代码的商业举措。

814
00:43:13,900 --> 00:43:17,500
The paper was called
"Netscape Source Code As Netscape Product".
那份文件的标题叫
“作为Netscape产品的Netscape源代码”

815
00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:22,200
uh.. a strange title,
essentially what the title meant was that
嗯，一个奇怪的标题，这个标题的本意是

816
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:24,000
In my opinion we needed to
我主张我们

817
00:43:24,100 --> 00:43:27,900
think of source code not just as something
that was used in creating our products,
不能仅把源代码看作生成我们产品的东西，

818
00:43:27,900 --> 00:43:30,100
but as something that was a product in its own right.
而应该考虑把源代码本身作为产品。

819
00:43:30,500 --> 00:43:33,200
Something that customers might use, other people might use.
这对用户有用，对其他人也会有用。

820
00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:36,500
I then looked at what the business models might be
然后我考察了

821
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:39,400
if we released source code for our products.
开放源代码作为产品的商业模型。

822
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:41,100
How would we license them?
我们采用什么许可证呢？

823
00:43:41,100 --> 00:43:45,100
How do we sell products in this environment?
在这种条件下如何销售产品？

824
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:49,600
Then I looked at the competition, particularly Microsoft.
然后我分析了竞争对手，尤其是Microsoft。

825
00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:52,200
What would they be likely to do
if we released source code?
如果我们开放源代码，他们会有什么反应呢？

826
00:43:52,200 --> 00:43:54,800
Was there some way they could
use our source code against us?
他们会不会利用我们的代码来与我们竞争？

827
00:43:54,800 --> 00:43:58,800
I used Eric's paper as an example of
how distributed development could work,
我用Eric的论文为例，说明分布式的开发如何运转，

828
00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:03,400
how a company could develop software not
just using their own people,
一个公司如何借助自身员工之外的，

829
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,200
but also working with people on the Internet.
在互联网上的其他人来开发软件。

830
00:44:07,300 --> 00:44:10,900
And that's why I included a reference to
Eric's paper in my paper.
我之所以在我的报告中引用Eric的文章，

831
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:12,700
Once my paper was circulated,
因为我的报告一经流传，

832
00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:15,100
the people who read my paper would naturally enough
人们看我的报告时自然就会

833
00:44:15,100 --> 00:44:18,100
find a reference to Eric's paper
and read that as well.
找Eric的文章来看。

834
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:20,700
[ And who was involved in
making that happen at Netscape? ]
[ Netscape公司里还有谁和此事有关？]

835
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:25,100
Primarily the person who made the
actual decision was Jim Barksdale.
最主要的决策者是Jim Barksdale。

836
00:44:25,900 --> 00:44:28,000
And this turned out to be important later.
这后来被证明是一个重要的决定。

837
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:30,800
That our big win, the big score
那是我们的伟大胜利，伟大的成功

838
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:34,400
that gave us mainstream
visibility and credibility with investors
使大部分投资者对我们极为关注并充满信心

839
00:44:34,400 --> 00:44:38,400
came not because of bottom up evangelism
from a bunch of engineers,
这并非出自底层一帮技术人员的饶舌，

840
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:41,600
but because one strategist at the top
而归因于公司高层的战略

841
00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:43,900
saw the potential power of this method and
预见到了这种手段潜在的威力，

842
00:44:43,900 --> 00:44:46,800
then essentially imposed that vision
on everyone underneath him.
然后把这一思想灌输给他的下属们。

843
00:44:47,900 --> 00:44:51,100
When I completed the paper,
I first gave a copy to Mark Andreessen,
我完成这份报告后，先了Mark Andreessen一份，

844
00:44:51,100 --> 00:44:55,100
who was co-founder of Netscape and
was at the time one of,
他是Netscapoe的合作创始人，

845
00:44:55,100 --> 00:44:56,900
on the senior management team at Netscape.
当时又是Netscape的高层之一。

846
00:44:56,900 --> 00:45:00,900
Mark then gave a copy of the paper to several
other people within Netscape management,
Mark然后把报告转给Netscape管理层的其他人。

847
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:03,100
including Jim Barksdale.
包括Jim Barksdale。

848
00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:06,200
I'm not sure exactly when Jim and
the other senior managers
我不确定Jim和其他公司高层具体是什么时候

849
00:45:06,200 --> 00:45:08,300
made the actual decision,
做出了这个决策，

850
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:11,300
I believe it was in early January sometime.
我想应该是一月上旬的某天。

851
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:15,900
Netscape actually announced that it was gonna
release the source code on Jan 22nd,
Netscape正式宣布将于1月22日开放其源代码。

852
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:19,900
the same time it was going to give
Communicator away for free.
同时，将免费发行Communicator(著名浏览器)。

853
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:23,000
When Netscape decided to release the source code,
当Netscape决定开放源代码时，

854
00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:25,400
people sort of got a wake up notice and said
人们对此有一个清醒的认识：

855
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:28,900
"Hey, maybe there is something to this idea
of releasing source code
“嘿，开放源代码也许还有一个用意

856
00:45:28,900 --> 00:45:32,400
and doing development with people
outside your company."
就是利用公司之外的人参与开发。”

857
00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:38,200
So Netscape's decision brought a lot of
public attention to the idea of Free Software,
所以Netscape的决定引起了公众对自由软件的关注，

858
00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:40,500
what became known as Open Source,
就是现在所谓的“开放源码”，

859
00:45:40,500 --> 00:45:43,000
and brought a lot of attention to
the Linux operating system,
也为Linux操作系统引来了关注眼光，

860
00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:47,000
which was one of the most prominent examples of
Open Source software at that time.
因为它是当时开放源码软件中最为突出的例子。

861
00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:55,800
This is our first office, Mountain View, California.
这就是我们第一个办公室，在加利福尼亚州山景城。

862
00:45:55,800 --> 00:45:58,200
We moved here in early 1995.
我们1995年初搬到这里。

863
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:00,100
This is 4,000 square feet.
这里有4000平方英尺。

864
00:46:00,100 --> 00:46:06,700
It was an incredible leap of faith for us to
move out and take the company to our own office.
搬出去，开家公司，并拥有自己的办公室，
这在我们心里是个难以想像的跳跃。

865
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:09,700
Now what's really important about this place
现在，这块地方的重要性在于

866
00:46:09,700 --> 00:46:13,300
is that this is the office
where the term "Open Source" was invented.
它是“开放源码”公司的发源地。

867
00:46:13,300 --> 00:46:18,000
If you walk in to an executive's office
and say "Free Software",
如果你走进一个执行官的办公室，然后说“自由软件”

868
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:22,100
OK, If you're lucky, the response
you'll get is something like,
那么，如果你走运的话，得到的回答会像：

869
00:46:22,100 --> 00:46:28,600
"hmm, hmm, Free Software, must be
cheap, shoddy, worthless."
“嗯，嗯，自由软件，一定是便宜、低质、不足取的。”

870
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:32,600
Uh, and if you're not lucky,
it has associations with, uh.
嗯，如果你不是很走运，那么你会听到类似于，嗯

871
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:38,000
with the Free Software Foundation's
wholesale attack on intellectual property rights,
自由软件基金会的行为严重侵犯了知识产权，

872
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:41,000
which regardless of what
you think about the ethics of that,
这种行为不顾道德伦理，

873
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:45,000
it's lousy marketing, it's not something
that businesses want to hear.
这是无耻的交易，它不是正规的商业行为。

874
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:47,900
So Eric Raymond knew there was a problem.
所以Eric Raymond认识到这是一个问题。

875
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:50,100
We'd been calling this Free Software,
我们取名为自由软件（Free Software），

876
00:46:50,100 --> 00:46:54,100
but people took the term "Free"
and associated with "Free of charge",
但是人们把“Free”这个词和“免费”联系到一起，

877
00:46:54,500 --> 00:46:57,200
they thought they couldn't make money or couldn't sell,
他们认为无法以此谋利或不能进行商业销售，

878
00:46:57,200 --> 00:46:59,100
which is exactly the wrong concept.
这是完全错误的观念。

879
00:46:59,100 --> 00:47:04,700
We wanted to get across the idea the software
was open and that the source code was available.
我们想要表达的意思是，软件是开放的，
源代码是可以获取的。

880
00:47:04,700 --> 00:47:07,000
Very important pieces.
非常重要的一点。

881
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:10,700
We had this meeting at the VA offices
in Mountain View, where Eric,
我们在VA位于山景城的办公室召开了会议，
参加会议的有Eric，

882
00:47:10,700 --> 00:47:17,200
myself, and Christine Peterson from Foresight Institute
joined us as well as some other people.
我，还有来自Forsight Institute的
Christine Peterson以及其他一些人。

883
00:47:17,200 --> 00:47:20,100
Christine Peterson was there by phone. uh..
Christine Peterson是通过电话参加的，嗯..

884
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,600
Jon "Mad dog" Hall was also there by phone. uh..
“疯狗”Jon Hall通过电话参加，嗯..

885
00:47:26,400 --> 00:47:30,300
And then Todd Anderson, who later worked for
SuSE for a while was there.
还有Todd Anderson，他后来为SuSE工作过
一段时间。

886
00:47:30,300 --> 00:47:33,300
Sam Ockman who now runs Penguin Computing was there.
Sam Ockman也参加了，他现在经营着Penguin Computing公司。

887
00:47:33,300 --> 00:47:36,700
He was uh.. He was an employee of VA at the time
他，嗯，他当时是VA的雇员，

888
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:39,600
Well, we came up with the concept of Open Source,
然后，我们提出了“开放源码”的概念，

889
00:47:39,600 --> 00:47:42,900
we called Linus in fact and asked Linus if he liked it.
我们打电话给Linus，征求他的意见。

890
00:47:42,900 --> 00:47:46,100
He was interested, He liked it.
他很感兴趣，他喜欢这个提法。

891
00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:48,600
Eventually we came up with something that replaced "Free Software".
最终我们确定了这一取代“自由软件”的概念。

892
00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:50,200
That was the beginning of Open Source.
这就是“开放源码”的起源。

893
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:52,300
[ How did you chose words "Open Source"? ]
[ 你们是怎么选中“开放源码”这个词的？]

894
00:47:53,100 --> 00:47:57,100
You know, I think Christine Peterson was
the person who really came up with the idea.
我想是Christine Peterson最先提出来的。

895
00:47:57,500 --> 00:48:04,300
Uh, we wanted, again, the idea
that the source code was out there and it was open.
嗯，我们想表达的是，源代码是公开的。

896
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:05,700
There weren't many choices.
这并没有很多选择。

897
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:11,800
Well, since the first three recipients have
spoken for the Open Source movement,
好的，既然前三位支持开放源码运动，

898
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:16,300
I think I should speak about
the Free Software movement.
我想我该说说自由软件运动。

899
00:48:16,300 --> 00:48:19,800
The Open Source movement,
focuses on practical advantages
开放源码运动所关注的是

900
00:48:19,800 --> 00:48:22,500
that you can get by having a community of users
你可以由此在用户间形成一个社团

901
00:48:22,500 --> 00:48:26,500
who can cooperate on interchanging and improving software.
其成员通过交流和改进软件来相互协作。

902
00:48:26,600 --> 00:48:30,400
I agree completely with the points they make about that.
我对此表示完全赞同。

903
00:48:30,400 --> 00:48:34,900
The reason why my views are different,
while I am in the Free Software movement
我坚持称自由软件运动

904
00:48:34,900 --> 00:48:37,000
rather than the Open Source movement,
而不是开放源码运动的原因是，

905
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:40,000
is that I believe there's something
more important at stake.
我认为还有些更重要的东西。

906
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:45,000
That freedom to cooperate with other people,
freedom to have a community...
那就是与其他人合作的自由，组织社团的自由...

907
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:47,200
is important for our quality of life.
这些对提高我们生活质量至关重要。

908
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:51,200
It's important for having a good society
that we can live in.
对使我们生存的社会更美好至关重要。

909
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:57,300
And that that is in my view, even more important
than having powerful and reliable software.
它是我的观念中，比拥有强大而可靠的软件更重要的东西。

910
00:48:57,800 --> 00:49:01,800
But I think some of the people in
the Free Software camp...
但是我觉得一些自由软件阵营的人...

911
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:06,000
are a little scared by the commercialization.
有点惧怕商业化。

912
00:49:08,000 --> 00:49:12,000
And uh, you know,
of course a rebel is put off by success.
并且，嗯，你知道的，成功能够阻止反叛。

913
00:49:12,300 --> 00:49:15,900
uh.. I think that commercialization is very important.
嗯，我认为商业化非常重要。

914
00:49:15,900 --> 00:49:18,700
We want to mainstream this software,
我们想令这个软件成为主流，

915
00:49:18,700 --> 00:49:23,900
and I work with Richard Stallman
who's the gray haired man of Free Software,
我与自由软件的老前辈
Richard Stallman一起工作，

916
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:28,400
uh, on a regular basis, and I don't feel
嗯，在基本立场上，我不觉得

917
00:49:28,400 --> 00:49:31,900
I have any philosophical differences.
有什么原则上的分歧，存在于

918
00:49:31,900 --> 00:49:35,000
me as author the Open Source definition and
“开放源码”定义提出者的我，和

919
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:40,300
he is originator of free software as an organized thing,
自由软件创始人的他之间，

920
00:49:41,800 --> 00:49:44,800
except for one thing.
Richard thinks that all software should be free,
除了一点，Richard认为所有的软件都应该是自由的，

921
00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:49,500
and I think that free software and
non-free software should coexist.
而我认为自由软件和非自由软件应该共存。

922
00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:51,200
That's the only difference we have.
这是我们仅有的分歧。

923
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:54,800
Uh, we decided early on that what we needed,
嗯，我们首先想到我们需要，

924
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:58,800
a..a definition, we needed a kind of
一个定义，我们需要一种

925
00:49:59,000 --> 00:49:59,800
meta-license to define the term "Open Source".
元许可协议来定义“开放源码”这个字眼

926
00:49:59,800 --> 00:50:03,600
And what we came up with is a document called
"The Open Source Definition".
我们弄出一个文件叫“开放源码定义”。

927
00:50:03,600 --> 00:50:08,800
It's derived from the Debian Free Software guidelines
that were originally written by Bruce Parens.
它来源于Debian自由软件指导方针，
最初由Bruce Parens所写。

928
00:50:09,300 --> 00:50:12,600
I'd written the original draft of that, uh,
我写了最初的草案，嗯，

929
00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:16,100
discussed it for a month with the Debian developers
与Debian开发者们讨论了一个月

930
00:50:16,100 --> 00:50:18,800
Debian is a Linux distribution
Debian是一个Linux发行版

931
00:50:18,800 --> 00:50:22,000
And made it their project policy
这个文件成为他们的项目方针

932
00:50:22,000 --> 00:50:24,900
And Eric and I decided to relabel
我和Eric决定把

933
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:27,800
what we'd written for Debian
为Debian所写的文件

934
00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:29,100
as The Open Source definition
用于开放源码的定义

935
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:31,400
and to say Open Source is a software
把开放源码解释为一类软件，

936
00:50:31,800 --> 00:50:34,300
that gives you a list of nine rights
它赋予你9项

937
00:50:34,300 --> 00:50:36,600
which is in the Open Source definition.
由开放源码定义所确定的权力。

938
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:40,400
The first right is Free Redistribution
第一个权力是自由的重新发布

939
00:50:40,400 --> 00:50:42,800
This doesn't mean Free as in no price
这里的Free不是免费的意思

940
00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:45,000
It means liberty
它表示自由

941
00:50:45,800 --> 00:50:48,600
Um, you have to be free to redistribute
嗯，你必须能够自由的重新发布

942
00:50:48,600 --> 00:50:50,100
your software to someone else
你的软件给其他人

943
00:50:50,100 --> 00:50:52,300
And actually no price is a side effect
而免费只是一个附带效果

944
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:55,600
You can charge for that redistribution or not
你可以收费，也可以不收

945
00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:57,800
It has to come with source code
但必须附上源代码

946
00:50:58,100 --> 00:51:01,500
So that someone can maintain a program.
这样别人可以自行维护程序。

947
00:51:01,500 --> 00:51:04,200
If they go from a PC to a Mac for example
如果有人要从PC平台转到Mac平台，

948
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:07,600
they can change the software.
他们就能对软件进行修改。

949
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:10,000
Derived Works have to be possible
移植工作因此得以实现

950
00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:12,700
If someone has to improve your program
如果有人改进了你的程序

951
00:51:12,700 --> 00:51:18,000
um, they should be able to distribute the result
嗯，他就可以发布改进结果

952
00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:21,500
uh, There is a provision about integrity
嗯，但必须保证

953
00:51:21,500 --> 00:51:22,800
of the author's source code
原作者代码的完整性

954
00:51:23,000 --> 00:51:27,900
which says that the author can sort of
maintain their honor
也就是说原作者可以保持他们的荣誉，

955
00:51:27,900 --> 00:51:29,700
and if you make a change
你修改程序时

956
00:51:30,100 --> 00:51:32,400
you might have to change the name of the program
可能就要改变程序的名字

957
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:35,100
or mark out your change very clearly
或很清晰的标出你的修改

958
00:51:35,100 --> 00:51:38,500
so that your change doesn't reflect on the author
这样你的修改就不会影响原作

959
00:51:38,500 --> 00:51:42,300
There is no discrimination against people or groups.
这里没有对个人或组织的歧视

960
00:51:42,400 --> 00:51:44,200
Uh, the example I usually use is
嗯，就象我常说的

961
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:47,400
You can't stop an abortion clinic
你不能阻止一个堕胎者

962
00:51:47,400 --> 00:51:50,600
or an anti-abortion activist from using the software
或一个反堕胎主义者使用软件

963
00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:54,200
There is no discrimination against fields of endeavor
这里没有对任何领域的歧视

964
00:51:54,600 --> 00:51:57,400
And that means the software has to be usable
就是说软件可以用于

965
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:00,900
in a business as well as in a school
商业领域或教育领域

966
00:52:00,900 --> 00:52:04,400
The license has to be distributable
这个许可证必须是可继承的

967
00:52:04,500 --> 00:52:05,500
In other words
换句话说

968
00:52:05,700 --> 00:52:08,900
I have to be able to give that license to someone
我应该能够把这个许可证授予某人，

969
00:52:08,900 --> 00:52:12,300
and that license then should work
然后这个许可协议允许

970
00:52:12,300 --> 00:52:15,000
if that someone gives it to yet a third person
此人把它转给第三者。

971
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:18,800
The license can't be specific to a product
这个许可证不针对特定产品，

972
00:52:18,800 --> 00:52:20,000
in other words
也就是说，

973
00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:25,200
if I distribute my software on a Red Hat system
如果我把我的软件发布在RedHat系统中

974
00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:26,800
the license can't say
这个许可证不能，

975
00:52:26,800 --> 00:52:30,500
you can't distribute this on a SuSE or Debian system
限制你在SuSE或是Debian系统中发布这个软件。

976
00:52:30,500 --> 00:52:34,000
The license can't contaminate other software
这个许可证不能损害其他软件的许可性质

977
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:40,400
So if I distribute this on a CD with another program
所以如果它和其它程序发布在同一张CD上，

978
00:52:40,400 --> 00:52:43,600
It can't say that other program must be free
不能说其它程序必须是自由的，

979
00:52:43,600 --> 00:52:46,500
otherwise you can't distribute my software
否则你就不能发布我的软件。

980
00:52:46,500 --> 00:52:49,200
And then the only other part of
现在定义自由软件还需做的

981
00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:50,400
the Open Source definition

982
00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:53,200
is a list of licenses that were accepted
就是列出我们所认可的许可证，

983
00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:57,100
And the ones that we started with were the GPL
这其中，最初的一个就是GPL，

984
00:52:57,100 --> 00:53:00,200
which was actually the example for a lot of
它实际上是

985
00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:03,700
what's in the Open Source definition in the BSD license
BSD许可证中开放源码定义的许多实例之一，

986
00:53:03,700 --> 00:53:07,700
because software for BSD system pre-existed Linux
因为运行于BSD系统的软件在Linux之前就存在了。

987
00:53:13,500 --> 00:53:17,300
I think the next moment that I thought
was really pivotal
我觉得下一个关键性阶段

988
00:53:17,300 --> 00:53:19,500
was when the database vendors flipped over
就是数据库生产商何时倒向我们

989
00:53:19,500 --> 00:53:21,500
which happened about three months sooner
这比我的预期早了3个月

990
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:22,600
than I expected to

991
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:25,000
and actually happened in late July early August
确切时间是7月未8月初，

992
00:53:25,000 --> 00:53:29,000
commitments to do one ports from Oracle and
我们得到移植承诺来自Oracle和

993
00:53:29,300 --> 00:53:32,100
and Sybase and the other key database vendors.
和Sybase及其他关键的数据库厂商。

994
00:53:32,100 --> 00:53:33,400
[ And why was that critical? ]
[ 为什么这很关键？ ]

995
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:35,500
because we knew that in order for
因为我们知道，为了使

996
00:53:35,500 --> 00:53:37,800
the open source story to be credible
开放源码得到信赖，

997
00:53:37,800 --> 00:53:40,500
and especially in order for the Linux story
to be credible,
尤其是为了让Linux得到信赖，

998
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:43,500
we'd have to get commitments from
independent software vendors
我们必须得到独立软件厂商的支持，

999
00:53:43,500 --> 00:53:47,000
to do ports of their applications to these platforms
以把他们的产品移植到这些平台

1000
00:53:47,000 --> 00:53:49,600
and I was actually kind of worried
并且我事实上有点担心，

1001
00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:52,000
I thought that we were in a window of vulnerability
我想我们处于一个易受攻击的地位

1002
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:55,400
between the time that we announced
the open source campaign
就在我们打响开放源码的战役后

1003
00:53:55,400 --> 00:53:57,200
and the database vendors flipped over
直到数据库厂商倒向我们前这段时期

1004
00:53:57,200 --> 00:53:59,800
that was the point in which hostile action
在这个阶段要承受

1005
00:53:59,800 --> 00:54:03,500
by Microsoft or other close-source software companies
来自微软或者其他封闭源代码软件公司的敌对行动

1006
00:54:03,500 --> 00:54:04,800
that was the point in which
在这个阶段

1007
00:54:04,800 --> 00:54:07,300
a serious marketing bleeds might have suck us
严酷的市场竞争可能会吞没我们

1008
00:54:07,300 --> 00:54:11,300
but once the big database vendors flipped over
但是一旦大数据库厂商转向我们

1009
00:54:11,300 --> 00:54:13,800
that opened the way for other ISVs
就为其他独立软件开发商铺平了道路

1010
00:54:13,800 --> 00:54:15,700
that started the snow ball effect going
滚雪球效应就开始发挥作用

1011
00:54:15,700 --> 00:54:17,800
Every six months or so
每隔六个月左右

1012
00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:19,400
I would come back to the venture capitalists
我都要去找风险投资家

1013
00:54:19,400 --> 00:54:21,100
I would show them the new numbers
我向他们提供新的数据

1014
00:54:21,100 --> 00:54:23,200
showing more and more people adopting Linux
以揭示越来越多的人接受了Linux

1015
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:25,000
and new people porting, new users
新的（基于Linux的）软件发布，新的用户加入

1016
00:54:25,000 --> 00:54:26,600
and I'd show them our customer list
我还向他们展示我们的客户名单

1017
00:54:26,600 --> 00:54:29,900
And our customer list was getting much more impressive
我们的客户名单变得越来越抢眼

1018
00:54:29,900 --> 00:54:32,500
It was people like Cisco that were beginning to appear
象Cisco这样的公司开始位列其中

1019
00:54:32,500 --> 00:54:35,000
people like, you know, those dot-com companies
那些.com公司

1020
00:54:35,000 --> 00:54:37,400
were started to show up on our customer list
也开始出现在客户名单上

1021
00:54:37,400 --> 00:54:40,000
and eventually the venture capitalists
而风险投资家们

1022
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:42,000
you know, they kept looking at it
你知道，他们一直在冷眼旁观

1023
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:43,800
they kept saying "Oh, we can't quite do it"
他们总是在说“喔，我们不能贸然从事”

1024
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:47,000
Finally, Linus appeared on the cover of Fortune
最后， Linus上了《财富》的封面

1025
00:54:47,000 --> 00:54:49,300
There was something happening with Open Source
“开放源码”起了翻天覆地的变化

1026
00:54:49,300 --> 00:54:53,300
Well, at that point, the venture capitalists
couldn't ignore it
到这时，风险投资家再也不能忽视它了

1027
00:54:53,700 --> 00:54:56,600
they just got sick of hearing about Linux everywhere
他们到处听到Linux的名字

1028
00:54:56,600 --> 00:54:58,500
and they got tired of me, just, you know
他们对我都已经厌烦了，你知道

1029
00:54:58,500 --> 00:55:01,900
showing it to them every,
at that point it was almost every week
这时我几乎每个星期都去找他们

1030
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:04,500
So they uh, they decided it was time to invest,
所以他们，嗯，他们认为是投资的时候了

1031
00:55:04,500 --> 00:55:06,300
that there was something happening
事情就这样发生了

1032
00:55:06,300 --> 00:55:09,800
I announced Open Source to the world on the Internet
我在互联网上向世界宣告开放源码运动

1033
00:55:09,800 --> 00:55:13,200
I did a lot of the early... administrative the work of
我做了很多早期的....推动工作

1034
00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:16,700
starting the Open Source Initiative
积极投身于开放源码

1035
00:55:16,700 --> 00:55:18,500
and I think six months later
我记得六个月之后

1036
00:55:18,500 --> 00:55:21,000
I was reading the words Open Source
随时都能在新闻中听到

1037
00:55:21,000 --> 00:55:23,600
in the news all the time
“开放源码”这个词

1038
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:25,900
And I was totally astounded
我很惊讶

1039
00:55:25,900 --> 00:55:27,100
And a year later, I believe
一年之后，我想

1040
00:55:27,100 --> 00:55:31,100
Microsoft was talking about releasing some source code
微软公司也在讨论是否发布一些源码了

1041
00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:34,400
And someone in the press asked Steve Ballmer
新闻界有些人问Steve Ballmer

1042
00:55:34,400 --> 00:55:37,000
if they were going to open source their code
会不会开放源码

1043
00:55:37,000 --> 00:55:38,500
and Steve Ballmer said,
Steve Ballmer说

1044
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:42,500
"Well, Open Source means more than
just releasing the source code"
“噢，开放源码不仅仅意味着发布源代码”

1045
00:55:42,800 --> 00:55:45,400
And I realized that he had read my document
我意识到他看过我的文章

1046
00:55:45,400 --> 00:55:48,200
and understood it and was now telling
the press about this
他对新闻界表述的正是我文章中的思想

1047
00:55:48,600 --> 00:55:51,600
Now if you are like just a guy on the net
现在假设你是网络上的一个普通人

1048
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:53,900
who's not doing this for a job at all
而且并非以此为职业

1049
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:55,700
and you sort of write a manifesto
你发表了一个声明

1050
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:58,000
and it spreads out through the world
它在世上传播开来

1051
00:55:58,000 --> 00:55:59,000
and a year later
一年以后

1052
00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:02,100
the vice president of Microsoft is talking about that
微软的副总裁也在谈论它

1053
00:56:02,100 --> 00:56:05,400
You'd think you were on drugs, wouldn't you?
你会觉得这象是幻觉，不是吗？

1054
00:56:05,400 --> 00:56:07,100
But that's what really happened
但是这确实发生了

1055
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:17,000
The Local Users Groups
tend to be more than an issue of
本地用户组织不仅仅为了

1056
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:21,000
building a social network
建立一个社交网络

1057
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:27,800
especially getting people familiarized with the issues
更重要的是

1058
00:56:29,400 --> 00:56:33,400
also just acting as a kind of supporting network
起到技术支持网络的作用

1059
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:38,900
for people who do not, for example, have the ability
服务于那些无力

1060
00:56:38,900 --> 00:56:42,100
to pay for commercial support network
支付商业性技术支持费用的人

1061
00:56:42,100 --> 00:56:44,700
So one thing they're doing in this area
所以人们在这里做的

1062
00:56:44,700 --> 00:56:46,600
for example, is they're making these.
比如说，

1063
00:56:46,600 --> 00:56:48,700
I think it's once a month
他们每月举办一次

1064
00:56:48,700 --> 00:56:52,400
They're having install feasts, which mean that
安装聚会， 就是

1065
00:56:54,100 --> 00:56:57,100
getting Linux installed on their machines
在他们的机器上安装Linux

1066
00:56:57,100 --> 00:56:58,600
or have some issue, I mean
或是遇到一些问题， 我的意思是

1067
00:56:58,600 --> 00:57:00,000
maybe they've installed Linux
有些人可能已经安装好了Linux

1068
00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:02,600
but want to set up the network in a specific way
但是想对网络进行一些特殊的设置

1069
00:57:02,600 --> 00:57:04,700
can actually bring in their machines
他们就可以把机器搬到

1070
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:05,800
to this users group meeting
这个用户组织的聚会上来

1071
00:57:05,800 --> 00:57:09,400
And there's a lot of people there willing to help
在这里有很多人乐于帮忙

1072
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:13,400
who may have seen the same problem before.
他们可能以前遇到过类似的问题

1073
00:57:22,400 --> 00:57:24,100
Well, actually things aren't so well.
嗯，事情有点不对劲

1074
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:27,300
I tried it earlier myself. I had problems.
我自己试过，没能解决问题。

1075
00:57:27,300 --> 00:57:29,700
And so I came to this install feast world.
所以我赶来参加这个安装聚会

1076
00:57:29,700 --> 00:57:31,400
All the gurus abound.
这里到处都是高手

1077
00:57:31,400 --> 00:57:35,300
Hopefully I'll have better luck getting it in.
真希望我也能有他们那样的水平

1078
00:57:35,300 --> 00:57:38,100
Instead of having, uh, sending e-mails, or
取代发，嗯，发电子邮件，或者

1079
00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:40,000
writing to news groups on the Internet
发信给互联网上的新闻组

1080
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:42,500
and waiting several days for the answers sometimes
然后好几天后才等到答复

1081
00:57:42,500 --> 00:57:45,500
it's easy to come here and find other people
到这里这就轻松多了，在这可以找到

1082
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:46,700
who might know about your problem
可能解决你的问题的人

1083
00:57:46,700 --> 00:57:48,600
and may be able to help you
会对你有所帮助

1084
00:57:48,600 --> 00:57:49,700
And hopefully within a few hours
幸运的话，很快

1085
00:57:49,700 --> 00:57:51,900
you have your machine installed
你的机器就安装好了

1086
00:57:51,900 --> 00:57:55,900
Originally I wanted to it install on
uh, my larger laptop
我想把它装到，嗯，我的笔记本电脑上

1087
00:57:56,100 --> 00:57:57,800
and I just did a search on the net
我就到网上搜索

1088
00:57:57,800 --> 00:58:01,800
and found where there were resources to get help
看看有什么可提供帮助的网络资源

1089
00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:04,100
And um, I'm here today
结果，嗯，我就找到了这里

1090
00:58:04,100 --> 00:58:07,800
cause I'm trying to put Linux on
this little guy right here.
因为我想把Linux装到这台小东西上

1091
00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:10,100
just a Toshiba Libretto
是一台Toshiba Libretto

1092
00:58:10,100 --> 00:58:12,700
It's not a easy thing in the world to do
这可不是件容易的事

1093
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:15,300
because it's a weird piece hardware, So...
因为它的硬件很罕见， 所以...

1094
00:58:15,300 --> 00:58:17,300
Any chairs right here?
有凳子吗？

1095
00:58:29,200 --> 00:58:31,000
I think that Department of Justice case
我想那个诉讼案

1096
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:33,000
has made people aware of the fact that
使人们产生了

1097
00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:36,000
you should at least look for alternatives to Microsoft.
应该寻找Microsoft的替代品

1098
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:40,000
and maybe Microsoft isn't the American dream after all
也许微软终究不是人们所追求的理想

1099
00:58:40,100 --> 00:58:42,000
and that kind of shifting perception
之类的看法

1100
00:58:43,300 --> 00:58:45,100
you can very clearly see
显然

1101
00:58:45,100 --> 00:58:49,100
that people just took Microsoft for granted
人们把微软视为理所当然的选择

1102
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:52,000
and maybe they're still buying Microsoft but at least
他们也许仍然购买微软的产品，但是至少

1103
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:54,900
they're kind of more aware of the issue these days
他们今天对这个问题已经有些认识了

1104
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:57,600
Microsoft actually uses Linux as defense
微软其实把Linux当成了挡箭牌

1105
00:58:57,600 --> 00:58:59,000
They used Linux to ground a claim
他们用Linux来证明

1106
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:00,000
that they don't have a monopoly
自己没有形成垄断

1107
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:03,100
because Linux could essentially
因为Linux可以有效地